Harris v. David S. Harris, P.A.

• Decision Date: 01 September 1986
• Docket Number: No. 136,136
• Citation: 310 Md. 310,529 A.2d 356
• Parties: David S. HARRIS v. DAVID S. HARRIS, P.A. et al. ,
• Court: Maryland Court of Appeals

Page 310

310 Md. 310

529 A.2d 356

David S. HARRIS v. DAVID S. HARRIS, P.A. et al.

No. 136, Sept. Term, 1986.

Court of Appeals of Maryland.

Aug. 5, 1987.

Allen G. Windsor, Baltimore, for appellant.

William N. White, Towson, for appellee.

Argued before MURPHY, C.J., and ELDRIDGE, COLE, RODOWSKY, COUCH, ^* McAULIFFE and ADKINS, JJ.

COUCH, Judge.

In Peat & Co. v. Los Angeles Rams, 284 Md. 86, 394 A.2d 801 (1978), this Court held that a pretrial denial of a motion to disqualify counsel in a civil case is not immediately appealable as a final collateral order. The Court reserved the question of the immediate appealability of pretrial grants of disqualification motions. Id. 284 Md. at 99, 394 A.2d at 808. We decide today that a pretrial order disqualifying counsel in a civil case is not a final collateral order and therefore not subject to immediate appeal.

I

The facts are not in dispute and may be quickly set forth. The appellant, David S. Harris, is an attorney admitted to the practice of law in this State and is the sole stockholder and President of David S. Harris, P.A., a Maryland professional corporation. Throughout the proceedings below and on appeal, Harris has been and is represented by a member of his firm.

In September of 1982, Harris filed a claim with the Workmen's Compensation Commission for an injury Harris sustained to his back during the previous summer. On January 17, 1983, the case was heard by the Workmen's Compensation Commission and the Commission, by Order dated January 24, 1983, concluded that Harris's injury arose out of and in the course of his employment as an attorney.

Harford Mutual Insurance Company (Harford), the workmen's compensation carrier for David S. Harris, P.A., appealed the Compensation Order to the Circuit Court for Baltimore City on behalf of the insured and on its own behalf. The record indicates that a mistrial was declared in the circuit court proceeding on November 1, 1984, directly following voir dire.

On April 2, 1986, prior to the commencement of a new trial, Harford filed a "Motion for Disqualification of Claimant's Attorney" alleging that the representation of Harris by Allen Windsor, a member of Harris's firm, was inconsistent with the rules of professional conduct. The Circuit Court for Baltimore City granted the motion on July 17, 1986 and Harris appealed the disqualification order to the Court of Special Appeals. Harford moved to dismiss the appeal and the Court of Special Appeals denied the motion on November 14, 1986. This Court issued a writ of certiorari prior to the consideration of the merits of the case by the intermediate appellate court.

II

Our task is to determine whether an immediate appeal lies from a pretrial order disqualifying counsel in a civil case. Harford moves this Court to dismiss the appeal as premature alleging that an order granting disqualification is not a final judgment and hence not subject to immediate appellate review. We find that the appeal is not properly before us and shall grant the motion to dismiss.

The appellate jurisdiction of the courts of this State is delimited by statute. Maryland Code (1974, 1984 Repl.Vol.), Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article, § 12-301. Unless appeal is permitted by certain exceptions not here pertinent, an appeal will lie only from a final judgment entered by a circuit court. Id. ¹ As the General Assembly has designated a final judgment as "a judgment, decree, sentence, order, determination, decision or other action by a court ... from which an appeal, application for leave to appeal, or petition for certiorari may be taken," id. at § 12-101(f), it is for the courts to define and give content to the meaning of the term "final judgment." Public Service Comm'n v. Patuxent Valley, 300 Md. 200, 206, 477 A.2d 759, 762 (1984) and cases cited therein. To the same effect see Pappas v. Pappas, 287 Md. 455, 459, 413 A.2d 549, 551 (1980); Smith v. Taylor, 285 Md. 143, 146, 400 A.2d 1130, 1133 (1979); Estep v. Estep, 285 Md. 416, 422, 404 A.2d 1040, 1043-44 (1979).

The statutory requirement of finality generally means that a party must raise all claims of error in a single appeal following a final judgment on the merits. See, e.g., Central Collection v. Columbia Medical, 300 Md. 318, 325, 478 A.2d 303, 306 (1984); Highfield Water Co. v. Wash. Co. San., 295 Md. 410, 415, 456 A.2d 371, 373 (1983) and cases cited therein. As noted by this Court on numerous occasions, the primary purpose of the final judgment rule is to prevent piecemeal appellate review of trial court decisions which do not terminate the litigation. By requiring litigants to consolidate all claims of error at the end of a lawsuit, the rule eliminates a succession of separate appeals which would repeatedly interrupt and delay lower court proceedings. E.g., Sigma Repro. Health Cen. v. State, 297 Md. 660, 665, 467 A.2d 483 (1983); Peat & Co. v. Los Angeles Rams, 284 Md. 86, 91, 394 A.2d 801, 804 (1978); Warren v. State, 281 Md. 179, 183, 377 A.2d 1169, 1171 (1977). ²

A pretrial order disqualifying counsel is not a final judgment on the merits of the litigation. We have long recognized, however, a narrow class of orders, referred to as collateral orders, which are offshoots of the principal litigation in which they are issued and which are immediately appealable as "final judgments" without regard to the posture of the case. See Parrott v. State, 301 Md. 411, 483 A.2d 68 (1984); Public Service Comm'n v. Patuxent Valley, 300 Md. 200, 477 A.2d 759 (1984) and cases cited therein. The collateral order doctrine, attributed to Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 545-47, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 1225-26, 93 L.Ed. 1528, 1536-37 (1949), permits immediate appellate review of a "small class" of prejudgment orders which "finally determine claims of right separable from, and collateral to, rights asserted in the action [which are] too important to be denied review and too independent of the cause itself to require that appellate consideration be deferred until the whole case is adjudicated." Id., 337 U.S. at 546, 69 S.Ct. at 1225-26, 93 L.Ed. at 1536. An order must meet four requirements to be deemed final under this doctrine:

"The order must (1) conclusively determine the disputed question, (2) resolve an important issue, (3) be completely separate from the merits of the action, and (4) be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment."

Public Service Comm'n v. Patuxent Valley, 300 Md. 200, 206, 477 A.2d 759, 762 (1984) (citation omitted) (brackets deleted from the original).

In Peat & Co. v. Los Angeles Rams, 284 Md. 86, 394 A.2d 801 (1978), we held that a pretrial denial of a motion to disqualify counsel in a civil case is not subject to immediate appellate review under the collateral order doctrine. Harford, relying principally on the Supreme Court's recent decision in Richardson-Merrell, Inc. v. Koller, 472 U.S. 424, 105 S.Ct. 2757, 86 L.Ed.2d 340 (1985), urges us to extend our holding in Peat & Co. to pretrial orders granting attorney disqualification. While we reach the same conclusion as the Court in Richardson-Merrell, we reach that result by a different path. We explain.

B.

In Richardson-Merrell, Inc. v. Koller, 472 U.S. 424, 105 S.Ct. 2757, 86 L.Ed.2d 340 (1985), the Supreme Court held that an order disqualifying counsel in a civil case is not a final collateral order subject to immediate appellate review. ³ The heart of the decision is the Court's combination of harmless error principles with its analysis of whether a disqualification order is effectively unreviewable on appeal and separate from the merits of the lawsuit:

"This Court has never held that prejudice is a prerequisite to reversal of a judgment following erroneous disqualification of counsel in either criminal or civil cases.

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"[W]e need not today decide this question.

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"[I]f establishing a violation of one's right to counsel of choice in civil cases requires no showing of prejudice, then, a pretrial order violating the right does not meet the third condition for coverage by the collateral order exception: it is not 'effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.' ... Absent a requirement of prejudice, the propriety of the trial court's disqualification order can be reviewed as effectively on appeal of a final judgment as on an interlocutory appeal.

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"If the nature of the right to representation by counsel of one's choice is 'that [it] is not violated absent some specifically demonstrated prejudice,' then a disqualification order, though 'final,' is not independent of the issues to be tried. Only after assessing the effect of the ruling on the final judgment could an appellate court decide whether the client's rights had been prejudiced. If respondent were to proceed to trial and there receive as effective or better assistance from substitute counsel than the disqualified attorney could provide, any subsequent appeal of the disqualification ruling would fail."

Id. 472 U.S. at 438-39, 105 S.Ct. at 2765, 86 L.Ed.2d at 351-52 (citation omitted). In an apparent alternate holding, the Court concluded that, even apart from the foregoing analysis, orders disqualifying counsel in civil cases are not completely separate from merits of the action. Id. 472 U.S. at 439-440, 105 S.Ct. at 2765-66, 86 L.Ed.2d at 352 (citations omitted). The Court seemed to view the order as conclusive ⁴ but did not discuss whether the order involved an important issue.

C.

We turn now to our analysis of the appealability of pretrial grants of disqualification motions in civil cases under the collateral order doctrine.

As previously noted, an order must satisfy four requirements to be deemed final under this doctrine:

"The order must (1) conclusively determine the disputed question, (2) resolve an important issue, (3) be completely separate from the merits of the action, and (4) be effectively unreviewable on appeal...