Hodo v. State

• Decision Date: 27 March 2000
• Docket Number: No. S99A1557.,S99A1557.
• Citation: 272 Ga. 272,528 S.E.2d 250
• Parties: HODO v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

528 S.E.2d 250

272 Ga. 272

HODO v. The STATE.

No. S99A1557.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

March 27, 2000.

Dwight L. Thomas, Jo Ann Claudrick, Atlanta, for appellant.

Paul L. Howard, Jr., District Attorney, Bettieanne C. Hart, Phyllis M. Burgess, George W. King Snyder, Jr., Assistant District Attorneys, Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne K. Strickland, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee. HINES, Justice.

Following a jury trial, Kevin Hodo was convicted of felony murder while in the commission of aggravated assault and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in connection with the fatal shooting of Bernard Dodds. Hodo appeals, challenging the conduct of voir dire, the admission of certain testimony, the allowed extent of cross-examination of a witness, the trial court's alleged improper limitation of his counsel's closing argument, and the court's instruction to the jury. Finding the challenges to be without merit, we affirm.¹

The evidence construed in favor of the verdicts showed that on the evening of January 31, 1996, Hodo and another man, identified as Hodo's cousin, went to drug dealer Reed's house to see about purchasing "powder cocaine." After making several telephone calls, Reed rode with the men to a rooming house on South Gordon Street. Drugs were bought and sold there. Dodds worked at the rooming house as the "houseman," and answered the door. Reed entered to "[look] at the product" while the other men waited in the car. After Reed told the men that "everything was all right," the men too went into the rooming house. Hodo and his cousin paid $200 for the purported cocaine. The men went back to the car, examined their purchase, and then took Reed home about 6:00 p.m. or 7:00 p.m.

Shortly thereafter, Hodo discovered that he had been sold "bad dope," and he and his cousin returned to the rooming house. Jones, a renter at the house, heard a knock at the door and went to answer it. Hodo and his companion tried to push past Jones, asking for the "houseman." Dodds came downstairs and Hodo stated to Dodds, "[Y]ou know who the guy was who sold this s___ to me." Jones returned to his bedroom. Jones then heard noises as if the men were "wrestling or something." Jones went to the living room and saw Hodo holding Dodds by the shirt. Dodds pleaded to Hodo, "Please, man, I don't know nothing about it, please, I don't know nothing about it." Hodo then shot Dodds with a small black handgun, which appeared to Jones to be .22 or .25 caliber. Dodds died as the result of a gunshot wound to the chest, which perforated his heart and right lung.

About six months after the killing, Jones identified Hodo as the shooter in a photographic lineup conducted in New Orleans, where Jones was incarcerated. Police recovered a .25 caliber pistol from Hodo's mother's home; forensic tests showed it to be the murder weapon.

1. The evidence, including Hodo's admission that he was a convicted felon in possession of a firearm, was sufficient under the standard of Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), to find Hodo guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which he was convicted.

2. Hodo contends that he was denied his constitutional right to a fair and impartial jury because the trial court did not give him the opportunity, under OCGA § 15-12-133, for sequestered individual examination of members of the jury panel "as to the nature of the offense," and because during voir dire, the court referred to him as a "criminal" defendant, thereby improperly placing his character in issue and expressing an opinion about his guilt. But, the contentions are without merit.

(a) OCGA § 15-12-133 provides for the individual examination of prospective jurors. Sanborn v. State, 251 Ga. 169, 170(3), 304 S.E.2d 377 (1983). The substance of the statute is the right to an individual response, not to an individual question. State v. Hutter, 251 Ga. 615, 617, 307 S.E.2d 910 (1983). What is more, it does not mandate sequestered voir dire. Sanborn at 170(3), 304 S.E.2d 377. "The granting of sequestered voir dire is within the discretion of the court, and a showing of prejudice from denial is necessary to show an abuse of discretion." Id. at 170(3), 304 S.E.2d 377, citing Smith v. State, 245 Ga. 168, 263 S.E.2d 910 (1980); Stinson v. State, 244 Ga. 219, 259 S.E.2d 471 (1979). See also Edmond v. State, 267 Ga. 285, 289(5), 476 S.E.2d 731 (1996).

Hodo fails to make such a showing. He claims prejudice from taint of the entire panel because certain of the prospective jurors initially indicated doubt about the ability to be fair and impartial due to the violent nature of the charged offenses and because of past experience with violence.² However, the record does not demonstrate any taint of the venire; the other venirepersons indicated that they were unaffected by the responses. Accordingly, there was no abuse of discretion in denying sequestered voir dire. Sanborn at 170(3), 304 S.E.2d 377.

(b) Hodo likewise fails in his contentions that the trial court placed his character in issue and commented on his guilt during voir dire by calling him a "criminal" defendant. The court did not refer to Hodo as a criminal, but rather, in essence, informed the prospective juror being questioned that a criminal defendant is entitled to the presumption of innocence upon coming into court. The court's remarks were neither an improper comment on Hodo's character nor a prohibited expression of opinion on the evidence. See OCGA § 17-8-57; McClain v. State, 267 Ga. 378, 384(3)(b)(2), 477 S.E.2d 814 (1996).

3. There is no merit to Hodo's assertion that he is entitled to a new trial because the State violated a pre-trial stipulation by introducing into evidence testimony regarding a photograph of himself seized when police executed a search warrant at his mother's residence. That the prosecutor asked the investigating officer whether there was information around the mattress, under which the murder weapon was found, that would indicate to whom the bed belonged was not inconsistent with the agreement between the defendant and the State. A reasonable interpretation of the prosecutor's stipulation was that the State agreed that the recovered weapon was the only item that it intended to physically introduce into evidence; the agreement did not extend to testimony given by the investigating officer about what was observed during the execution of the search of the mother's home.

What is more, Hodo cannot demonstrate any harm from the testimony that the officer found a photograph of Hodo beside the bed. Davis v. State, 266 Ga. 801, 804(9), 471 S.E.2d 191 (1996). Hodo himself testified that he had hidden the gun under the bed which he used at his mother's house.

4. There is likewise no merit to the claim that Hodo's constitutional right to confrontation was violated when the trial court did not permit Hodo to question State's witness Reed about the potential sentence Reed could face because of the criminal conduct he had admitted on the stand.

It is certainly true that the cross-examination of a witness is a matter of right, and one of the permissible purposes of cross-examination is to attempt to elicit facts demonstrating that a witness's testimony is either unbelievable, biased, or partial. Carswell v. State, 268 Ga. 531, 534(5), 491 S.E.2d 343 (1997). Thus, the potential bias or partiality of a witness may always be explored on cross-examination. Id. at 535(5), 491 S.E.2d 343, citing Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 315, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347 (1974); Hines v. State, 249 Ga. 257, 260, 290 S.E.2d 911 (1982). Here, Hodo was not cut off from such inquiry, but was allowed to amply explore Reed's potential for bias or partiality, and thus, his credibility. Compare Garcia v. State, 267 Ga. 257, 259(7), 477 S.E.2d 112 (1996). Hodo was permitted to ask Reed if he realized that he could be prosecuted and to repeatedly question Reed about any benefit he expected to receive in exchange for his testimony. The mere fact that...