Lawson v. State

• Decision Date: 05 February 2009
• Docket Number: No. 2-08-116-CR.,2-08-116-CR.
• Citation: 283 S.W.3d 438
• Parties: Maurice Felton LAWSON, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, State.
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

283 S.W.3d 438

Maurice Felton LAWSON, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, State.

No. 2-08-116-CR.

Court of Appeals of Texas, Fort Worth.

February 5, 2009.

Rehearing Overruled April 2, 2009.

James Rasmussen, Wichita Falls, TX, for Appellant.

Barry L. Macha, Criminal District Atty., Richard Mitchell and John W. Brasher, Assistant Criminal District Attys., Wichita Falls, TX, for Appellee.

Panel: LIVINGSTON and McCOY, JJ.; and WILLIAM BRIGHAM, J. (Senior Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment).

OPINION

BOB McCOY, Justice.

I. Introduction

In three points, Appellant Maurice Felton Lawson appeals his conviction for violation of a permanent injunction under the "gang injunction statute." We affirm.

II. Factual and Procedural Background

On September 18, 2006, the 89th District Court of Wichita County, Texas, issued a temporary injunction under section 125.065 of the civil practice and remedies code. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 125.065 (Vernon 2005). The injunction named seventeen members of the street gang Varrio Carnales ("VC"), including Lawson, who had allegedly engaged in criminal activity. The State, through the injunction, sought to prohibit the named defendants from engaging in twenty-nine activities. Subsequently, the trial court entered an order making the injunction permanent.

On or about February 20, 2007, Lawson violated the trial court's order enjoining organized criminal activity by "[a]ssociating, standing, sitting, walking, driving, bicycling, gathering or appearing anywhere in public view" with a VC gang member who was subject to the permanent injunction.¹ Lawson pleaded guilty, and pursuant to a plea bargain agreement with the State, the trial court sentenced him to 300 days' confinement and a $4,000 fine. Lawson now appeals.²

III. Discussion

In his first two points, Lawson claims that penal code section 71.021 is facially unconstitutional; in his third point, he argues that it is unconstitutional as applied to him.

A. Standard of Review

We review the constitutionality of a criminal statute de novo, as a question of law. See Owens v. State, 19 S.W.3d 480, 483 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2000, no pet.); State v. Salinas, 982 S.W.2d 9, 10-11 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref'd). When confronted with an attack upon the constitutionality of a statute, we presume that the statute is valid and that the legislature has not acted unreasonably or arbitrarily. Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex.Crim.App.2002); Ex parte Dave, 220 S.W.3d 154, 156 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2007, pet. ref'd), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ____, 128 S.Ct. 628, 169 L.Ed.2d 394 (2007). The burden rests upon the individual who challenges the statute to establish its unconstitutionality. Rodriguez, 93 S.W.3d at 69; Dave, 220 S.W.3d at 156. In the absence of contrary evidence, we will presume that the legislature acted in a constitutionally sound fashion. Rodriguez, 93 S.W.3d at 69. The statute must be upheld if a reasonable construction can be ascertained that will render the statute constitutional and carry out the legislative intent. Shaffer v. State, 184 S.W.3d 353, 363 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref'd); see Ely v. State, 582 S.W.2d 416, 419 (Tex. Crim.App. [Panel Op.] 1979).

B. Facial and As-Applied Challenges

There are two types of challenges to the constitutionality of a statute: the statute is unconstitutional as applied to the defendant, or the statute is unconstitutional on its face. Fluellen v. State, 104 S.W.3d 152, 167 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2003, no pet.). The constitutionality of a statute as applied must be raised in the trial court in order to preserve error. Curry v. State, 910 S.W.2d 490, 496 (Tex. Crim.App.1995). However, a defendant may raise a constitutional challenge to the facial validity of a statute for the first time on appeal. Garcia v. State, 887 S.W.2d 846, 861 (Tex.Crim.App.1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1005, 115 S.Ct. 1317, 131 L.Ed.2d 198 (1995).

1. Facial Constitutionality of Penal Code Section 71.021

In his first point, Lawson argues that penal code section 71.021 is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad and therefore violates both the United States Constitution and the Texas Constitution. This court recently rejected an argument identical to Lawson's. See Goyzueta v. State, 266 S.W.3d 126, 130-37 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2008, no pet.). Goyzueta involved the same injunction that Lawson now challenges. Id. at 129. For the same reasons articulated in our opinion in that case, we reject Lawson's argument and, accordingly, overrule his first point.

In Lawson's second point, he argues that section 71.021 is unconstitutional "on its face" because it violates the Nondelegation Doctrine.³ Specifically, Lawson's chief complaint is that section 71.021 is unconstitutional because it is "plainly apparent" that it does not belong to any of the six classifications listed by the Texas Supreme Court in Housing Authority of City of Dallas v. Higginbotham, 135 Tex. 158, 171-72, 143 S.W.2d 79, 87 (1940).

a. Nondelegation Doctrine

In Higginbotham, the court listed six classifications of delegations of legislative responsibility that do not run afoul of the Nondelegation Doctrine enunciated in article II, section 1 of our state's constitution.⁴ 135 Tex. at 171-72, 143 S.W.2d at 87. The one of primary concern to us is the first, which states that nondelegation is not violated "[w]here the legislature because of the nature of the subject of legislation cannot practically and efficiently exercise such powers...." Id., 143 S.W.2d at 87 (internal citations omitted). While "[t]he power to pass laws rests with the Legislature, and that power cannot be delegated to some commission or other tribunal," Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co., 126 Tex. 296, 306, 83 S.W.2d 935, 941 (1935), the legislature can delegate power to a coordinate branch, so long as the legislature has declared a policy and fixed a primary standard for its implementation. Ex parte Granviel, 561 S.W.2d 503, 514 (Tex.Crim.App.1978) (citing Margolin v. State, 151 Tex.Crim. 132, 205 S.W.2d 775 (1947); Williams v. State, 146 Tex.Crim. 430, 176 S.W.2d 177 (1943)). That primary standard must be "capable of reasonable application." Granviel, 561 S.W.2d at 514.

b. Statutory Provisions

Section 71.021 of the penal code states that a person commits an offense if the person knowingly violates a temporary or permanent order issued under section 125.065(a) or (b) of the civil practice and remedies code, and that this offense is a Class A misdemeanor. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 71.021. Section 125.065 of the civil practice and remedies code outlines when a trial court can enter a temporary or permanent injunction against a criminal street gang member. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 125.065. It provides:

(a) If the court finds that a combination or criminal street gang constitutes a public nuisance, the court may enter an order:

(1) enjoining a defendant in the suit from engaging in the gang activities of the combination or gang; and

(2) imposing other reasonable requirements to prevent the combination or gang from engaging in future gang activities.

(b) If the court finds that a place is habitually used in a manner that constitutes a public nuisance, the court may include in its order reasonable requirements to prevent the use of the place for gang activity.

Id. The Texas Legislature enacted this statute in 1993, after establishing that "gang activity" constitutes a public nuisance, to enable local governments to obtain civil injunctions against gang members. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 125.061 (Vernon Supp.2008), § 125.062-.065 (Vernon 2005). The overall purpose and policy behind the statute is to promote a peaceful society by enjoining gang members from engaging in a variety of legal and illegal activities within a specified area, often called the "safety zone."

Section 125.065 provides a guide as to when a trial court can enter a temporary or permanent order against a criminal street gang member. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 125.065. In conjunction with section 125.065, section 71.021 of the penal code describes the offense of violation of a court order enjoining organized criminal activity. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 71.021. In other words, the legislature has authorized the trial courts to impose reasonable requirements to prevent a gang member from engaging in future gang activities while retaining the authority to impose a class A misdemeanor for violating a court-imposed restriction. Goyzueta, 266 S.W.3d at 136.

c. Analysis

While Lawson complains that section 71.021 violates the nondelegation doctrine, he fails to articulate an argument in support of his claim other than his statements that "[p]enal laws by their nature are most appropriately exercised without Legislative delegation," and "[i]n those instances when delegation is necessary, power is ordinarily assigned if technical or scientific concerns make enforcement impractical or inefficient for the legislature." Lawson further argues that the legislature enacted a law that proscribed no conduct at all but instead delegated the power to define the misconduct to district judges through "anti-gang injunction" orders.

We disagree on both accounts. We hold that it is neither practical nor efficient for the Texas Legislature, which meets every other year for a few months, to determine the exact requirements necessary in order to prevent gang members from engaging in future gang activities. Higginbotham, 135 Tex. at 171-72, 143 S.W.2d at 87; see also State v. Rhine, 255 S.W.3d 745, 752 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2008, pet. granted) (holding that it is neither practical nor efficient for the Texas Legislature to determine exactly what materials should be banned from outdoor burning, and under what circumstances, including the wind speed, time of day, and other minutiae related to curbing the legislatively-defined "air pollution"). Therefore, section 71.021 falls...