Logan City v. Huber, 890093-CA

• Citation: 786 P.2d 1372
• Decision Date: 17 January 1990
• Docket Number: No. 890093-CA,890093-CA
• Parties: LOGAN CITY, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Ralph Lowell HUBER, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Utah

Page 1372

786 P.2d 1372

LOGAN CITY, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Ralph Lowell HUBER, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 890093-CA.

Court of Appeals of Utah.

Jan. 17, 1990.

A.W. Lauritzen, Logan City, for defendant and appellant.

Cheryl A. Russell, Logan City, for plaintiff-respondent.

Before DAVIDSON, GARFF and JACKSON, JJ.

OPINION

JACKSON, Judge:

Ralph Lowell Huber was convicted by a jury of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor in violation of a Logan City ordinance. On appeal, he challenges the constitutionality of the ordinance on its face and as applied. We reverse.

In the early morning hours of December 11, 1988, Officers Russell Roper and Greg Monroe were on alcohol enforcement detail. They were parked off the road in their unmarked patrol car when they heard and saw a small car approaching them. The car made a wide turn at the corner and started to slide on the pea gravel in the road. The car accelerated and went past the police vehicle, at a speed estimated by the officers at 35-38 m.p.h. in a 25 m.p.h. zone, then braked to a stop at a red light on Main Street and Third North in Logan City, Utah. Officer Roper followed and pulled up behind the car at the light.

When the semaphore turned green and the small car proceeded through the intersection, Officer Roper turned on his red spotlight and followed the small car as it turned in to the parking lot of defendant Huber's business. As the officers alighted, Huber got out of his car and walked briskly up to the door of his building. Officer Monroe called to Huber and said they wanted to talk to him. In an exchange of words lasting approximately two to three minutes, Roper first asked Huber how he was, and Huber turned to face the officers, who were three to four feet away. He told the police they were trespassing on his property, took a step closer and said, "Now git," and pointed in the direction they should go. Roper then asked Huber for his driver's license. Huber refused, saying, "Fuck you, I'm not going to give it to you." The request was repeated several times and Huber continued to refuse, variously responding, "Fuck you," "This is bullshit," "You know who I am," and "You guys are harassing me, you piss me right off." During this time, Huber's voice was raised, he was using unspecified "hand actions," and he stepped closer to Roper, talking directly in his face. After Roper again explained to Huber that they had observed him speeding, Monroe took over the conversation. Although Monroe testified that he intervened because he thought there was going to be a fight, he testified to no acts other than the use of these words in a loud voice and Huber's proximity to Roper at this point. Roper explained that, once his partner stepped in and took over the conversation with Huber, he simply backed away and returned to the patrol car to summon assistance. He then rejoined Monroe at the front of Huber's car at some point after Huber had turned over his driver's license to Monroe.

The following two- to three-minute exchange took place next between Monroe and Huber, immediately preceding Huber's arrest, ¹ as captured on Monroe's tape recorder (all ellipses appear in the transcript admitted into evidence):

Huber: ... You're two blocks down the road.

Monroe: We weren't two blocks down the road.

Huber: You were clear the hell down by Taco Time.

Monroe: Do you want to know where we really were? When you came around the corner, when you came around the corner awfully fast, right at the road here, we were parked just off the road. But we do need to see your driver's license.

Huber: ... This is my property and you're on it without my permission, and that's it that's what it boils down to. If it.... I'm tired of being harrassed.

Monroe: We need to see your registration too please.[ ²

Huber: Bullshit! Now look you're on my property this is my building, I haven't done anything wrong, I want to be left alone. I'm tired of this harrassment, because I come out of my bar and you guys start harrassing, and I don't want it.

Monroe: We need to see your driver's license, and the registration.

Huber: The registration is current it's on the back, you're going to run it through the radio, you can find out just as quick as I can.

Monroe: Look, Mr. Huber, we are trying to be decent here.

Huber: No it's because, what time is it, because you have nothing else to do. And that's it.

Monroe: In just about 2 seconds, we're not going to be decent okay. We need to see the registration.

Huber: Fine, fine, fine.[ ³ Get your lights out....

Monroe: We'll be with you in just a second.[ ⁴

Huber: This is a bunch of crap, you know what the car it [sic] it's mine, it's always here. Get your fuckin' light out of my car, goddamnit.[ ⁵ You guys piss me right off.

Monroe: Here's the deal Mr. Huber, you are under arrest for disorderly conduct. We are going to jail. Put your hands behind your back. Turn around and put your hands behind your back.

After he was taken to the police station and booked, Huber posted a cash bond and walked home. In a two-count information, Huber was charged with speeding ⁶ and with violating a municipal ordinance that renders a person guilty of disorderly conduct if,

[i]ntending to cause public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof:

....

(D) He engages in abusive or obscene language or makes obscene gestures in a public place[.]

Logan City, Utah, Ordinance 12-8-9(2)(D) (Feb. 19, 1987). ⁷

It is apparent that the challenged subsection of the Logan City ordinance criminalizes speech, i.e., obscene or abusive language spoken with the requisite intent. The constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech do not permit the government to punish the use of words or language outside of "narrowly limited classes of speech." Gooding v. Wilson, 405 U.S. 518, 521-22, 92 S.Ct. 1103, 1105-06, 31 L.Ed.2d 408 (1972); see N.A.A.C.P. v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 433, 83 S.Ct. 328, 338, 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963) ("Because First Amendment freedoms need breathing space to survive, government may regulate in the area only with narrow specificity."). Those limited classes of unprotected speech, enumerated in State v. Huffman, 228 Kan. 186, 612 P.2d 630, 634 (1980) and cases cited therein, include the obscene, the libelous, ⁸ fighting words, and certain language that incites.

The class of unprotected speech relevant in the instant case comprises "fighting words," ⁹ which the United States Supreme Court has, since its decision in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 62 S.Ct. 766, 86 L.Ed. 1031 (1942), consistently defined as words that by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace by the person to whom they are directly addressed. City of Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 107 S.Ct. 2502, 2509, 96 L.Ed.2d 398 (1987); Lewis v. City of New Orleans, 415 U.S. 130, 133, 94 S.Ct. 970, 972, 39 L.Ed.2d 214 (1974); Gooding, 405 U.S. at 525, 92 S.Ct. at 1107. Even if a statute or ordinance aims at penalizing an unprotected class of speech, it "must be carefully drawn or be authoritatively construed to punish only unprotected speech and not be susceptible of application to protected expression." Gooding, 405 U.S. at 522, 92 S.Ct. at 1106.

In this appeal, Huber contends, inter alia, that Logan City Ordinance 12-8-9(2)(D) is overbroad and vague and, therefore, facially invalid as violative of the first amendment to the United States Constitution. An overbroad enactment is one "which does not aim specifically at evils within the allowable area of state control but, on the contrary, sweeps within its ambit other activities that in ordinary circumstances constitute an exercise of freedom of speech or the press." Waters v. McGuriman, 656 F.Supp. 923, 925 (E.D.Pa.1987) (quoting Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88, 97, 60 S.Ct. 736, 741-42, 84 L.Ed. 1093 (1940)).

Faced with overbreadth and vagueness attacks on a statute or ordinance, our first task is to determine whether the enactment makes unlawful a substantial amount of constitutionally protected conduct. Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 494, 102 S.Ct. 1186, 1191, 71 L.Ed.2d 362 (1982); see New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 769, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 3361, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982) (only substantially overbroad statute may be invalidated on its face); Provo City Corp. v. Willden, 768 P.2d 455, 458 (Utah 1989). ¹⁰ If it does not, then the overbreadth challenge must fail and we should then examine the facial vagueness challenge. Hoffman Estates, 455 U.S. at 494, 102 S.Ct. at 1191. If it does, it may be held facially invalid even if it also has legitimate application. City of Houston, 107 S.Ct. at 2508.

We agree with appellant that Logan City Ordinance 12-8-9(2)(D), on its face, is unconstitutionally overbroad. The ordinance proscribes obscene or abusive language spoken with intent "to cause public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof." In Gooding, 405 U.S. at 519, 92 S.Ct. at 1104, an ordinance punishing "opprobrious words or abusive language tending to cause a breach of the peace" was held facially overbroad. As the court pointed out, the ordinary dictionary definition of "abusive" gives it far greater reach than "fighting words." According to Webster's Third International Dictionary 8 (1986), a person is "abusive" if he or she employs "harsh insulting language." However, much of the speech that can be categorized as harsh insulting language does not involve words that "by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace." Lewis, 415 U.S. at 133, 94 S.Ct. at 972 (invalidating as overbroad an ordinance making it unlawful "for any person wantonly to curse or revile or to use obscene or opprobrious language" toward or about a police officer). See, e.g., Cavazos v. State, 455 N.E.2d 618 (Ind.App.1983) (epithet "asshole" directed at police officer did not constitute fighting words). ...