Marriage of Zahm, In re, 15877-2-III
| Citation | 955 P.2d 412,91 Wn.App. 78 |
| Decision Date | 05 May 1998 |
| Docket Number | No. 15877-2-III,15877-2-III |
| Court | Court of Appeals of Washington |
| Parties | In re the MARRIAGE OF L. Dianne ZAHM, Respondent, and Kermit A. Zahm, Appellant. |
Albert J. Golden, Golden & Knowlton, Walla Walla, for Respondent.
Today we decide for the first time in Washington, whether indivisible social security benefits can be considered by a trial court when making provision in a marital dissolution for property division or maintenance. We hold they can. Because of the trial court's error in characterizing the benefits as community property instead of separate property was harmless, we decide there was no
abuse of trial court discretion in its property division or maintenance award. We affirm.
Idaho residents Kermit and Diane Zahm were married June 1978 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Mr. Zahm then moved into Mrs. Zahm's Idaho home. In 1984, the family moved into an Idaho townhouse owned by Mr. Zahm. Mrs. Zahm sold her home and deposited the money in a separate bank account for her and her daughters. Mrs. Zahm left the townhouse in 1986 when the couple separated and relocated to Walla Walla, Washington. Back in Idaho, dissolution proceedings began, but were dismissed when the parties reconciled in 1987.
The parties then lived together in a Walla Walla apartment. They purchased a Walla Walla home on Bandra Drive in 1990 by combining their separate funds for a down payment and signing a promissory note for the remaining purchase price.
Two years prior to purchasing the Bandra Drive home, Mr. Zahm sold the townhouse in Idaho to Elizabeth Jackson. Mr. Zahm placed Mrs. Zahm's name along with his on the promissory note and deed of trust. Ms. Jackson made her monthly payments to a First Interstate Bank of Washington account owned by both Mr. and Mrs. Zahm.
In 1991, Mr. Zahm assigned a fraction of his interest in Ms. Jackson's note for $32,400. This money was deposited into Mr. Zahm's checking account at the Overland Park Plaza Branch of the First Interstate Bank of Idaho along with his disability benefits, army retirement benefits, State of Idaho retirement benefits and social security benefits. Mrs. Zahm and Ty Zahm, Mr. Zahm's son, were also on the signature card for this account. In 1993, Mr. Zahm sold his remaining interest in the Jackson contract for $23,554.20, which he deposited into the Overland Park account. In 1994, Mr. Zahm withdrew $51,223.57 from the Overland Park account and paid off the mortgage on the Bandra Drive home.
The parties separated on January 30, 1995. Three days later, Mrs. Zahm petitioned for dissolution. On May 20, 1996, the trial court dissolved the marriage. It characterized the Bandra Drive home and the Overland Park account as community property. Also under the heading: "Community Property" the court noted Mr. Zahm earned 61 percent of his social security benefits during the marriage. The court also awarded Mrs. Zahm Tier I and Tier II maintenance. Under Tier I, Mrs. Zahm was to receive $300 per month in lieu of her interest in Mr. Zahm's military and state retirement benefits. Under Tier II, Mrs. Zahm received an additional $1,100 per month until a $30,000 judgment awarded Mr. Zahm was paid off. Then, Mrs. Zahm was to receive $900 a month until she reached the age of 62, and then $500 a month. Mr. Zahm has appealed.
A. Social Security Benefits. We first consider whether the trial court erred when listing Mr. Zahm's social security benefits as community property in view of federal law precluding their division. Next, if so, whether the error was harmless. Finally, regarding social security benefits, we must decide whether a trial court can circumvent the unavailability of social security benefits by awarding other community property to the non-owning spouse as a setoff.
The trial court has broad discretion to distribute marital property. In re Marriage of Tower, 55 Wash.App. 697, 700, 780 P.2d 863 (1989), review denied, 114 Wash.2d 1002, 788 P.2d 1077 (1990). We review for a manifest abuse of this discretion. In re Marriage of Washburn, 101 Wash.2d 168, 179, 677 P.2d 152 (1984). The standard requires proof the judge's decision was manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or for untenable reasons. Tower, 55 Wash.App. at 700, 780 P.2d 863.
Section 407(a) of the Social Security Act provides in part: "The right of any person to any future payment under this subchapter shall not be transferable or assignable- In Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 99 S.Ct. 802, 59 L.Ed.2d 1 (1979), the United States Supreme Court held the Supremacy Clause precluded California's community property laws from overcoming the Federal Railroad Retirement Act. The Court likened railroad retirement benefits to social security benefits in that both are non-contractual agreements. Id. at 575, 99 S.Ct. at 805. The Court then concluded federal railroad retirement benefits were not subject to distribution in a dissolution proceeding. Id. at 584, 99 S.Ct. at 810.
" and thus, generally makes moneys payable under the social security laws indivisible. Section 659(a) provides an exception by permitting the assignment of social security benefits to pay for alimony or child support. However, section 659(i)(3)(B)(ii) expressly excludes any payment to a spouse in compliance with any community property settlement, equitable distribution of property, or other division between spouses or former spouses.
Washington courts have not addressed the issue of federal preemption as it relates to social security benefits. However, the Arizona and California appellate courts have held that social security benefits are not community property, and therefore, not subject to division. See Luna v. Luna, 125 Ariz. 120, 608 P.2d 57, 60 (1979); In re Marriage of Hillerman, 109 Cal.App.3d 334, 345, 167 Cal.Rptr. 240 (1980). If they are not community property, they must be separate property. Nevertheless, all property, community and separate, is before the court when considering what is just and equitable in the disposition of property and liabilities. RCW 26.09.080.
Based on the holdings of the United States Supreme Court and other jurisdictions, we conclude federal statutes regarding social security benefits preempt state community property laws. We hold the social security benefits are the separate indivisible property of the spouse earning them. This holding ensures the benefits actually reach the beneficiary and protects the benefits from the legal process. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. at 584, 99 S.Ct. at 809-10. Here, the trial court should not The crucial issue then becomes whether a trial court can still consider social security benefits as part of the parties' property and liabilities when deciding a just and equitable distribution of their property. Despite the language in Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. at 588, 99 S.Ct. at 811 that "[a]n offsetting award ... would upset the statutory balance and impair petitioner's economic security just as surely as would a regular deduction from his [or her] benefit check," jurisdictions are split on this issue.
have listed Mr. Zahm's social security benefits as "Community Property." However, the trial court acknowledged in its oral decision that social security benefits were not to be apportioned. Therefore, it was harmless error to list the benefits under "Community Property."
In Mahoney v. Mahoney, 425 Mass. 441, 681 N.E.2d 852, 856 (1997), the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held a judge may consider a spouse's anticipated social security benefits as one factor, among others, in making an equitable distribution of marital assets. See also In re Marriage of Brane, 21 Kan.App.2d 778, 908 P.2d 625 (1995); Pongonis v. Pongonis, 606 A.2d 1055 (Me.1992); Rudden v. Rudden, 765 S.W.2d 719 (Mo.Ct.App.1989).
Alternatively, the Supreme Court of Nevada in Wolff v. Wolff, 112 Nev. 1355, 929 P.2d 916, 921 (1996) held a court may not consider such benefits when dividing a marital estate. See also Olson v. Olson, 445 N.W.2d 1 (N.D.1989); In re Marriage of Swan, 301 Or. 167, 720 P.2d 747 (1986). Washington courts have yet to address this issue.
A significant argument for not allowing social security benefits to be considered is that future benefits would be hard to evaluate. Furthermore, a recipient could die before he or she receives the benefits. These are practical, but not insurmountable problems a trial court should consider. However, we need not resolve them here because Mr. Zahm is currently receiving his social security benefits.
When deciding a just and equitable distribution, relevant factors include: "(1) The nature and extent of the community property; (2) The nature and extent of the separate B. Characterization of Property. We consider whether the trial court erred in characterizing the Idaho bank account and the Bandra Drive residence as community property. Washington has long accepted the principle that the character of property is determined under the law of the state where the couple is domiciled at the time of its acquisition. In re Marriage of Landry, 103 Wash.2d 807, 810, 699 P.2d 214 (1985); Rustad v. Rustad, 61 Wash.2d 176, 179, 377 P.2d 414 (1963). Since the Overland Park account was established while the parties were domiciled in Idaho, Idaho law governs.
property; (3) The duration of the marriage; and (4) The economic circumstances of each spouse at the time the division of property is to become effective...." RCW 26.09.080. A trial court could not properly evaluate the economic circumstances of the spouses unless it could also consider the amount of social security benefits currently received. We agree with the authorities cited from Massachusetts, Kansas, and Missouri and hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in considering Mr. Zahm's social security benefits when evaluating the economic...
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