State v. Cantrell

• Decision Date: 17 June 1993
• Docket Number: No. 15034-4-II,15034-4-II
• Citation: 853 P.2d 479,70 Wn.App. 340
• Parties: STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Rudell CANTRELL, Appellant. Division 2
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 340

70 Wn.App. 340

853 P.2d 479

STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Rudell CANTRELL, Appellant.

No. 15034-4-II.

Court of Appeals of Washington,

Division 2.

June 17, 1993.

John M. Wolfe, Public Defenders Office, So. Bend, WA, (Court-appointed), for appellant.

H. Steward Menefree, Pros. Atty., David B. Trefry, Deputy Pros. Atty., Montesano, WA, for respondent.

HERBERT A. SWANSON, Judge Pro Tem. ¹

Rudell Cantrell appeals his Pacific County Superior Court convictions for felony possession of methamphetamine, a controlled substance, and misdemeanor possession of marijuana. He challenges the vehicle searches that produced the evidence used against him. We reverse.

On June 28, 1990, Rudell Cantrell and his passenger, Ingo Schweitzer, were driving along Highway 101 in Pacific County when State Trooper Kershaw stopped their vehicle for speeding. The initial traffic stop is not challenged. The car was owned by Schweitzer's father, but Cantrell had permission to drive it because Schweitzer was unlicensed. Trooper Kershaw wrote Cantrell a speeding ticket and ascertained the car's ownership. He then asked the two men if they had any contraband or open containers of alcohol inside the car. They replied that they had alcohol, but it was in closed containers.

Seeking to confirm that fact, Kershaw asked Schweitzer if he would consent to a search of the vehicle. ² Kershaw handed Schweitzer a card on which was written a consent to search form. The card said, in part, "You have the right to refuse permission to make such search and require that the officer obtain a search warrant." Schweitzer read the form and signed it, assuming, as he testified, that the trooper could get a search warrant anyway, so he might as well permit the search and get it over with. Armed with that consent, the trooper "looked through the vehicle" and located a marijuana pipe in the ashtray. He asked whose pipe it was, and both men stated that "a guy down at the beach" had given it to them. He placed both of them under arrest for possession of marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia. ³

Kershaw read the arrestees their Miranda rights at that point and then asked Cantrell if there was "anything else" in the vehicle. Cantrell replied that "there was some pot underneath the seat in a clear plastic container." Kershaw looked and found a container of marijuana. He put the men into his patrol car and searched the vehicle incident to the arrest. That additional search produced a baggie of a "white, powdery substance" that Cantrell identified as "meth" (methamphetamine) belonging to him.

The State charged Cantrell with possession of the marijuana and the methamphetamine. He moved twice before trial to suppress the evidence, and the motions were denied on the grounds that the searches were consensual and were incident to a lawful arrest. Cantrell was convicted by a jury and filed this appeal.

Cantrell first argues that he and Schweitzer were unlawfully detained by Trooper Kershaw, and that the unlawful detention taints the searches and mandates suppression of the evidence. He relies on the factually similar case of State v. Tijerina, 61 Wash.App. 626, 811 P.2d 241, review denied, 118 Wash.2d 1007, 822 P.2d 289 (1991). In Tijerina, state troopers made a traffic stop of a car, determined that the driver had a current license and vehicle registration, and decided not to issue a ticket. A trooper testified that both occupants of the vehicle were Hispanic, that he could see small bars of motel soap inside the car, and that he knew Hispanics were heavily involved in selling narcotics at motels in the Spokane area. He asked the driver if there were any guns or drugs in the car, and the driver said there were not. The trooper then asked if he could look in the vehicle and the driver said, "Go ahead." After searching the interior, the trooper retrieved the keys to the car, approached the trunk, and asked if there was anything in the trunk. The driver replied, "just a case of beer." Aware that the driver was under the legal drinking age, the trooper opened the trunk and observed a case of empty beer bottles. He noticed a folded newspaper, which he picked up. Finding it heavy, he unfolded it and discovered 10 wrapped bags of cocaine inside. 61 Wash.App. at 628, 811 P.2d 241.

Division Three of this court held in Tijerina that the evidence should have been suppressed. The court stated:

The stop of an automobile is a seizure of its occupants and must therefore be reasonable. State v. Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d 1, 4, 726 P.2d 445 (1986). In evaluating investigative stops, the court must determine: (1) Was the initial interference with the suspect's freedom of movement justified at its inception? (2) Was it reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place? Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20, 20 L.Ed.2d 889, 88 S.Ct. 1868 [1878-1879] (1968); State v. Williams, 102 Wn.2d 733, 739, 689 P.2d 1065 (1984). In determining the proper scope of the intrusion, the court considers (1) the purpose of the stop, (2) the amount of physical intrusion, and (3) the length of time the suspect is detained. Williams, at 740 .

Here, the initial stop of Mr. Tijerina for crossing over the fog line was justified. The sergeant's request to verify Mr. Tijerina's license and registration was reasonably related to the purpose of the stop. However, once the sergeant made the decision not to issue a citation and returned the driver's license and registration to Mr. Tijerina, any further detention had to be based on articulable facts from which the sergeant could reasonably suspect criminal activity. State v. Gonzales, 46 Wn.App. 388, 394, 731 P.2d 1101 (1986).

(Italics ours.) 61 Wash.App. at 628-29, 811 P.2d 241. The court concluded in Tijerina that the sergeant's observation of the "innocuous" bars of soap and his knowledge that some Hispanics dealt drugs from Spokane hotels did not create a reasonable suspicion that Tijerina was engaged in drug trafficking. Thus, the further investigation after the troopers decided not to issue a ticket was improper unless the driver's consent to the search sufficiently purged the taint of the illegal detention. 61 Wash.App. at 629, 811 P.2d 241 (citing Gonzales, 46 Wash.App. at 399, 731 P.2d 1101).

To this point, our case is essentially indistinguishable from Tijerina. Here, as in Tijerina, the initial traffic stop was justified. Once the purpose of the stop was fulfilled by issuance of a speeding ticket, however, the trooper had no right to detain the car's occupants further absent articulable facts giving rise to a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. As in Tijerina, the trooper failed to provide such facts. His unexplained desire to start searching the car for containers of alcohol is, if anything, even less defensible than the trooper's unreasonable suspicion in Tijerina that the presence of motel soap in a vehicle occupied by Hispanics indicated the presence of drugs. Therefore, our inquiry in this case shifts to whether Schweitzer's consent to search the car purged the taint of what had become an illegal detention.

Generally, a consent to search must be voluntary, i.e., "informed and given freely and voluntarily." State v. Flowers, 57 Wash.App. 636, 645, 789 P.2d 333, review denied, 115 Wash.2d 1009, 797 P.2d 511 (1990) (quoting State v. Mak, 105 Wash.2d 692, 713, 718 P.2d 407, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995, 107 S.Ct. 599, 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986)). The voluntariness of consent is a factual question on which the State has the burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence; relevant factors include whether Miranda warnings were first given, the degree of education and intelligence of the consenting person, and whether the person was advised of his right to withhold consent. Flowers, 57 Wash.App. at 645, 789 P.2d 33. There is no question here that Schweitzer was informed beforehand of his right not to consent and, as a 23-year-old college student, was intelligent enough to be able to give his consent. He was not previously given his Miranda warnings, but that omission by itself does not negate consent. State v. Lyons, 76 Wash.2d 343, 458 P.2d 30 (1969); Flowers, 57 Wash.App. at 645-46, 789 P.2d 333.

Nevertheless, the consent given by Schweitzer was not binding on Cantrell in this case. The record shows that Schweitzer's father owned the car in which they were travelling, and that Cantrell was its driver. Each, therefore, had a basis for asserting control over the vehicle and roughly equal ability to consent to a search of it. In such a situation, where two or more persons have "common authority" over the place searched, "the consent of one who possesses common authority over premises or effects is valid as against the absent, nonconsenting person with whom that authority is shared." State v. Leach, 113 Wash.2d 735, 739, 782 P.2d 1035 (1989) (quoting United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 170, 94 S.Ct. 988, 993, 39 L.Ed.2d 242 (1974)). On the other hand, when both persons possessing approximately equal control are present, the police must obtain the consent of both before searching without a warrant. Leach, 113 Wash.2d at 744, 782 P.2d 1035; State v. Birdsong, 66 Wash.App. 534, 832 P.2d 533 (1992). As stated in Leach, 113 Wash.2d at 740, 782 P.2d 1035, "one's ability to control the premises is not subordinated to a joint occupant when one remains on the premises and is able to object to access by others. (Italics in original.)

In this case, both Cantrell and Schweitzer were present at all times, but Trooper Kershaw asked only Schweitzer to consent to a search. His failure to obtain Cantrell's consent as well invalidates the search under the rule adopted in Leach.

Even if consent is given voluntarily and is binding, a prior illegal search or arrest may taint the consent and render it invalid; in other words, the police may not exploit the prior illegal detention. State v. Jensen, 44...