State v. Miears

• Decision Date: 15 March 2000
• Citation: 999 P.2d 493,166 Or. App. 228
• Parties: STATE of Oregon, Appellant, v. Gene Arland MIEARS, Respondent.
• Court: Oregon Court of Appeals

999 P.2d 493

166 Or. App. 228

STATE of Oregon, Appellant, v. Gene Arland MIEARS, Respondent.

(CF 97-415; CA A101604)

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Argued and Submitted April 22, 1999.

Decided March 15, 2000.

Timothy A. Sylwester, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for appellant. With him on the brief were Hardy Myers, Attorney General, and Michael D. Reynolds, Solicitor General.

Walter J. Ledesma, Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were David E. Groom, Public Defender.

Before HASELTON, Presiding Judge, and DEITS, Chief Judge,¹ and WOLLHEIM, Judge.

WOLLHEIM, J.

Defendant is charged with unlawful possession of a schedule II controlled substance, ORS 475.992(4)(b), unlawful possession of a schedule I controlled substance, ORS 475.992(4)(f), theft in the third degree, ORS 164.043, and giving false information to a police officer, ORS 162.385. The state appeals from an order granting defendant's motion to suppress all evidence found after the police officer stopped defendant. We affirm.

When we review the legality of searches and seizures, this court is bound by the trial court's findings of historical facts if they are supported by the record. State v. Stevens, 311 Or. 119, 126, 806 P.2d 92 (1991). Where the trial court does not make express factual findings, we presume that the trial court implicitly made findings that are consistent with its legal disposition. State v. Long, 320 Or. 361, 370, 885 P.2d 696 (1994), cert. den. 514 U.S. 1087, 115 S.Ct. 1803, 131 L.Ed.2d 729 (1995). Our role is to decide independently whether the trial court applied the correct legal principles to those facts. ORS 138.220; State v. Ehly, 317 Or. 66, 75, 854 P.2d 421 (1993).

At the hearing on defendant's motion to suppress, a Hermiston police officer was the sole person to testify. The officer responded to a shoplifting complaint at a convenience store. There, the officer saw a video tape that showed a person, who the officer knew to be defendant, and who had apparently shoplifted an item from the store. The officer looked for defendant and found him behind a nearby residence in a shed frequented by transients. As the officer approached the shed, the officer saw defendant and another person through an open door. The officer remained outside the shed and requested that the two persons come outside. After about one minute, the two complied.

As the two walked out of the shed, the officer perceived that defendant was "palming something" in his hand, thereby hiding an object from the officer's view. Because defendant and the other person had, on previous occasions, been stopped while carrying weapons, the officer was concerned for his safety. The officer directed both men towards his patrol car and asked them to put their hands on the vehicle's hood so he could perform an officer-safety pat-down frisk. After frisking the other person, the officer handcuffed defendant and frisked him. During the frisk the officer felt and removed two packs of cigarettes from defendant's jacket or shirt pocket. The officer stated that he could tell from the frisk that these were packs of cigarettes in defendant's pockets. In the clear outer casing of one of the cigarette packs, the officer noticed a paper bindle that was later determined to contain methamphetamine. A search of defendant also produced a marijuana pipe and other miscellaneous items. The officer found no object in defendant's hand. Defendant was taken to the police station on a charge of theft in the third degree. ORS 164.043. At the station, the officer discovered an outstanding arrest warrant for defendant. Defendant was then arrested on the warrant. Before trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress, seeking suppression of the evidence obtained by the officer as a result of the warrantless search and seizure. After a hearing, the court granted defendant's motion.

On appeal, the state assigns as error the trial court's order granting defendant's motion to suppress. The state first argues that the officer lawfully contacted, detained, and searched defendant. In particular, the state argues that the pat-down frisk was a reasonable officer-safety precaution given the circumstances surrounding the encounter with defendant. Second, the state argues that we should overrule State v. Taylor, 151 Or.App. 687, 950 P.2d 930 (1997), rev. den. 327 Or. 432, 966 P.2d 222 (1998). In Taylor, we held that the discovery of an outstanding arrest warrant for a defendant cannot retroactively validate an unlawful search. Id. at 692, 950 P.2d 930. Here, Taylor rendered the arrest warrant legally irrelevant as to whether the search was lawful because the officer did not discover the warrant until after the search of defendant. Defendant replies that the trial court correctly suppressed the evidence and makes multiple arguments challenging the lawfulness of the contact, the detention, and the search. The defendant also argues that Taylor was properly decided and should not be overruled.

Because resolution of the state's Taylor argument could obviate the need to address the search issue, we address it first. The state argues that Taylor was wrongly decided in light of earlier decisions. See, e.g., State v. Dempster, 248 Or. 404, 434 P.2d 746 (1967)

(even if defendant's initial detention was unlawful, the arrest of defendant at the police station after discovery of an outstanding bench warrant for defendant was lawful and the search of defendant thereafter was also lawful); State v. Snyder, 72 Or.App. 359, 695 P.2d 958,

rev. den. 299 Or. 251, 701 P.2d 784 (1985) (police officer's discovery of an outstanding arrest warrant for defendant, and subsequent arrest thereunder, purged illegality of prior stop). The state contends that the cases it cites lead to the proposition that the discovery of an arrest warrant can purge any prior illegality that may lead to the suppression of evidence. Furthermore, the state reasons that, because Taylor holds otherwise, it was incorrectly decided. That argument is not well taken. Faced with distinguishing the same line of cases as cited by the state here, we explained in Taylor that:

"In all of the cases cited by the state, the search at issue was conducted after the discovery of an outstanding warrant and the arrest of the defendant pursuant to that warrant. Therefore, even though the defendants in those cases had been unlawfully stopped or questioned, the searches at issue had been conducted as lawful searches incident to arrest. Here, the search took place before [the officer] had any reason to believe that he had cause to arrest defendant. It was not a search incident to a lawful arrest but, rather, an unlawful search that preceded a lawful arrest." 151 Or.App. at 692, 950 P.2d 930 (emphasis in original).

Whether a search was conducted before or after the discovery of an outstanding warrant is significant. Our reasoning in Taylor is sound, and we see no reason to overrule the decision. Evidence that is unlawfully seized before discovery of an outstanding arrest warrant must be suppressed. That holding does not overrule prior holdings that discovery of an outstanding warrant can retroactively validate an unlawful stop. In the case before us, because the search and seizure were conducted before discovery of the outstanding warrant, that warrant cannot retroactively validate an otherwise unlawful search.

We address the lawfulness of the search because it is dispositive. To address that issue first, we assume—and we do so without deciding—the following: (1) The officer did not invade defendant's curtilage when the officer approached the shed; (2) the officer did not order, but rather requested, that defendant come out of the shed; (3) the officer did not unlawfully arrest defendant when he directed defendant to the patrol car and eventually handcuffed him²; and (4) the officer was concerned about his safety. Even if we assume all of the above in favor of the state, the seized evidence is not admissible. The state did not proffer any evidence indicating that the officer had a reasonable officer-safety justification for pulling the cigarette packs and pipe out of defendant's pockets.³ Therefore, the trial court properly suppressed the evidence gained from that search.

Warrantless searches of a person are per se unreasonable unless the search falls within one of the established and well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement. State v. Davis, 295 Or. 227, 237, 666 P.2d 802 (1983). One exception to the warrant requirement is a frisk conducted in conjunction with a stop when the frisk is for officer-safety purposes. See id. at 241, 666 P.2d 802 ("This power to search without a warrant and without arrest stems solely from the need of the officer to protect himself * * * from harm during the permissible investigation."). When a search is challenged, it is the state's burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the police conduct was within the umbrella of exceptions to the warrant requirement. State v. Paulson, 313 Or. 346, 351-52, 833 P.2d 1278 (1992).

A police officer who reasonably suspects that a person has committed a crime may stop that person and, upon informing the person that the officer is a peace officer, conduct a reasonable inquiry. ORS 131.615(1). During the stop, an officer may frisk the person if the officer reasonably suspects that the person is armed and dangerous to the officer or others present. ORS 131.625(1). "Frisk" is defined as "an external patting of a person's outer clothing." ORS 131.605(3). While conducting the frisk, if the officer feels an object that the officer reasonably suspects is a dangerous or deadly weapon, the officer may take reasonably necessary action to take possession of the weapon. ORS 131.625(2). See State v. Richard, 150 Or.App. 517, 524, 947 P.2d 215,

rev. den. 326 Or. 234, 952 P.2d 61 (1997) (describing frisk process).

"Reasonably suspects" means...