State v. Nobles

• Decision Date: 19 February 1991
• Docket Number: No. 18174,18174
• Citation: 122 Idaho 509,835 P.2d 1320
• Parties: STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. William Mann NOBLES, III, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Idaho Court of Appeals

Page 1320

835 P.2d 1320

122 Idaho 509

STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. William Mann NOBLES, III, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 18174.

Court of Appeals of Idaho.

Feb. 19, 1991.

Johnson & Meikle, Idaho Falls, for defendant-appellant. David A. Johnson, argued.

Jim Jones, Atty. Gen., Michael A. Henderson (argued), Deputy Atty. Gen., Boise, for plaintiff-respondent.

WALTERS, Chief Judge.

William Mann Nobles III pled guilty in the district court to robbery. Pursuant to I.C.R. 11(a)(2), Nobles reserved the right to appeal and challenge the district court's order denying his motion to suppress his confession to the robbery. On appeal, Nobles contends that the confession should have been suppressed because he was not given timely Miranda warnings. Nobles also submits that he was coerced into making the confession. For the reasons explained below, we affirm.

The background facts are as follows. In December, 1988, Buck's convenience store, located in Idaho Falls, was robbed. Detective Del Stech, working for the Idaho Falls police department, received a tip that Nobles was the robber, and contacted Nobles's parole officer, Russ DeLuca. Officer DeLuca previously had attempted, without success, to locate Nobles to discuss Nobles's failure to obtain employment and to report as required by the terms of his parole. He and Detective Stech jointly sought to apprehend Nobles. When they located Nobles at his mother's house, they handcuffed him and transported him to the police station for questioning. At the police station, both the parole officer and the detective separately interviewed Nobles. Nobles made inculpatory statements to each of the officers, and wrote out a confession in which he described his participation in the robbery. The state subsequently charged Nobles with the robbery. Nobles moved to suppress his confession, asserting that it was made in violation of the requirements of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), and also that it was involuntary.

The district court conducted an evidentiary hearing before ruling on the motion. The court heard testimony from Officer DeLuca, from Detective Stech, and from Nobles concerning the circumstances surrounding Nobles's interrogation. The testimony was sharply disputed. Nobles claimed that while being detained at the police station, he was never informed of his rights, but that Officer DeLuca shoved some papers in front of him and told him to sign them without reading them. He also stated that DeLuca provided him with the details of the robbery and promised that if Nobles "cooperated" with the police, he would try to get Nobles placed back on parole. Nobles further testified that DeLuca threatened "to get him" for violating his parole conditions if Nobles refused to cooperate. Nobles maintained that he repeatedly denied having any knowledge of or involvement with the robbery, but that he ultimately "made the statements they wanted to hear" out of fear of having his parole revoked and being sent back to the penitentiary.

Officer DeLuca, who interviewed Nobles initially, concededly omitted giving Nobles his Miranda warnings prior to, or at any time during, his conversation with Nobles. However, he denied Nobles's accusations of promises and threats. Detective Stech, who subsequently interrogated Nobles, testified that he verbally read Nobles his Miranda rights at the outset of their discussion, and that Nobles then signed a Rights and Waiver Form prior to any questioning. At the conclusion of the interrogation, Nobles wrote out a statement confessing to the robbery.

Ruling from the bench, the district court concluded that Officer DeLuca's testimony would be suppressed, but that Nobles's confession would be admissible through the testimony of Detective Stech. No written findings were requested by either party, and none were issued by the court. Nobles challenges the district court's denial of his motion, arguing that the police detective's testimony also should have been suppressed. He maintains that his confession to Detective Stech should have been excluded as "fruit of the poisonous tree" because it followed his illegally obtained statements to another police agent, DeLuca. He also asserts that, under the totality of the circumstances, his statements admitting to the robbery were involuntarily made and therefore were inadmissible.

I

We first address Nobles's exclusionary rule argument. At the evidentiary hearing, Officer DeLuca explained that he believed he was not required to advise a parolee of his rights when questioning was related to a parole violation. However, it is undisputed that Nobles was "in custody," and we therefore must assume that the officer breached Miranda procedures by failing to administer Miranda warnings before initiating the discussion. See Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 104 S.Ct. 1136, 79 L.Ed.2d 409 (1984). Unwarned inculpatory statements obtained while in police custody are presumed to be compelled, and thus are required to be excluded from evidence at trial in the state's case in chief. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 476, 479, 86 S.Ct. at 1628, 1630; New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649, 654, 104 S.Ct. 2626, 2630-31, 81 L.Ed.2d 550 (1984); Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 307, 317, 105 S.Ct. 1285, 1297, 84 L.Ed.2d 222 (1985). Accordingly, the trial court properly suppressed Nobles's statements to Officer DeLuca.

Nobles contends that his subsequent confession to the detective was "fruit" of the previous illegally obtained confession, and therefore should have been suppressed. However, we note that the exclusionary rule is inapplicable where a defendant gives an uncoerced statement without receiving his Miranda warnings, and thereafter confesses following proper warnings. Oregon v. Elstad, supra. See also State v. Windsor, 110 Idaho 410, 716 P.2d 1182 (1985). In Elstad, the United States Supreme Court explained that,

absent deliberately coercive or improper tactics in obtaining the initial statement, the mere fact that a suspect has made an unwarned admission does not warrant a presumption of compulsion. A subsequent administration of Miranda warnings to a suspect who has given a voluntary but unwarned statement ordinarily should suffice to remove the conditions that precluded admission of the earlier statement. In such circumstances, the finder of fact may reasonably conclude that the suspect made a rational and intelligent choice whether to waive or invoke his rights.

470 U.S. at 314, 105 S.Ct. at 1296 (emphasis added). When neither the initial nor the subsequent admission is coerced, exclusion rarely is justified. Elstad, 470 U.S. at 312, 105 S.Ct. at 1294-95. Accordingly, we reject Nobles's argument that the failure to administer Miranda warnings prior to his first inculpatory statement is fatal to the admission into evidence of any subsequent statement made after proper warnings have been given. Thus, in reviewing the district court's decision that the subsequent confession to Detective Stech was admissible, our first inquiry is whether Nobles's initial unwarned statement was, in fact, voluntary. We next determine whether Nobles's subsequent statement was given pursuant to a knowing and voluntary waiver of his Miranda rights.

II

We turn then to Nobles's contention that his confession to his parole officer was involuntary. The question before us is governed by the constitutional standard of voluntariness under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532, 18 S.Ct. 183, 42 L.Ed. 568 (1897); State v. Kysar, 114 Idaho 457, 458, 757 P.2d 720, 721 (Ct.App.1988). Whether a defendant acted voluntarily in choosing to make an inculpatory statement, although essentially a factual question, is determined in the first instance by the trial court. State v. Blevins, 108 Idaho 239 243, 697 P.2d 1253, 1257 (Ct.App.1985); State v. Dillon, 93 Idaho 698, 471 P.2d 553 (1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 942, 91 S.Ct. 947, 28 L.Ed.2d 223 (1971). Voluntariness of a confession is determined by the totality of the circumstances surrounding the police effort to obtain a statement. State v. Powers, 96 Idaho 833, 840, 537 P.2d 1369, 1376 (1975), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1089, 96 S.Ct. 881, 47 L.Ed.2d 99 (1976). A statement is "voluntary" if it is deemed to be the product of the defendant's free will. Id. Under this standard, it must be established that the statement was not extracted "by any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises." Bram, 168 U.S. at 542-43, 18 S.Ct. at 187; Kysar at 458, 757 P.2d at 721. See also State v. Davis, 115 Idaho 462, 767 P.2d 837 (Ct.App.1989).

When reviewing a trial court's ruling that the defendant's custodial statements to police agents were voluntarily given, we defer to the lower court's findings of fact, if they are not clearly erroneous; we then exercise free review over the question of whether the facts found are constitutionally sufficient to show voluntariness. Davis v. North Carolina, 384 U.S. 737, 86 S.Ct. 1761, 16 L.Ed.2d 895 (1966); Kysar at 458, 757 P.2d at 721. In a suppression hearing, the authority to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, to resolve any conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence and to draw factual inferences, rests uniquely with the trial court. State v. Kirkwood, 111 Idaho 623, 625, 726 P.2d 735, 737 (1986). The appellate court views all presumptions in favor of the trial court's exercise of that authority, and the trial court's findings on such matters, whether express or implied, will be upheld if they are supported by substantial evidence. Id., at 625, 726 P.2d at 737.

Nobles avers that Officer DeLuca employed coercive questioning--promising parole if Nobles confessed and threatening incarceration if he refused--and that such tactics precipitated his subsequent verbal and written admissions to Detective Stech. We observe that the trial court made no express findings with respect to...