State v. Smith, 18-0305

• Decision Date: 26 April 2019
• Docket Number: No. 18-0305,18-0305
• Citation: 926 N.W.2d 760
• Parties: STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Keegan Craig SMITH, Appellant.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

926 N.W.2d 760

STATE of Iowa, Appellee,

v.Keegan Craig SMITH, Appellant.

No. 18-0305

Supreme Court of Iowa.

Filed April 26, 2019

Matthew T. Lindholm of Gourley, Rehkemper & Lindholm, P.L.C., West Des Moines, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney General, Douglas Eichholz, County Attorney, and Justin Rogers, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.

McDONALD, Justice.

Following a trial on the minutes of testimony, Keegan Smith was convicted of operating while intoxicated, first offense, in violation of Iowa Code section 321J.2 (2017). In this direct appeal, Smith contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence allegedly obtained in violation of his statutory right under Iowa Code section 321J.11. Specifically, Smith contends the district court erred in not suppressing the results of a chemical breath test when the officer administering the test allegedly violated Smith’s statutory right to obtain additional chemical testing.

Iowa Code section 321J.11 regulates the administration of chemical tests designed to determine blood alcohol concentration. As relevant here, that provision provides that a detainee or arrestee

may have an independent chemical test or tests administered at the person’s own expense in addition to any administered at the direction of a peace officer. The failure or inability of the person to obtain an independent chemical test or tests does not preclude the admission of evidence of the results of the test or tests administered at the direction of the peace officer. Upon the request of the person who is tested, the results of the test or tests administered at the direction of the peace officer shall be made available to the person.

Iowa Code § 321J.11. As apparent from the text, the statute creates a right for a detainee or arrestee to have an "independent chemical test or tests administered at the person’s own expense in addition" to any test administered at the direction of an officer. Id. ; see State v. McIver , 858 N.W.2d 699, 705 n.2 (Iowa 2015) ("[I]ndependent chemical testing may be done at the driver’s cost in addition and subsequent to the testing done at the direction of the peace officer."); State v. Bloomer , 618 N.W.2d 550, 553 (Iowa 2000) (discussing relevant law); State v. Mahoney , 515 N.W.2d 47, 50 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) ("The legislature’s clear intent, by its use of the words ‘in addition to,’ was that a defendant must submit to a state-administered chemical test before being allowed to demand an independent test."). The statute does not afford a detainee or an arrestee the right to take an independent chemical test prior to or in lieu of the peace officer’s test. See State v. Wootten , 577 N.W.2d 654, 655 (Iowa 1998) ("A defendant is not entitled to an independent test until after he has taken the test requested by the officer."); Mahoney , 515 N.W.2d at 50 ("[A] defendant must submit to a state-administered chemical test before being allowed to demand an independent test.").

A detainee or arrestee can invoke the statutory right by making "any statement that can be reasonably construed as a request for an independent chemical test." State v. Lukins , 846 N.W.2d 902, 912–13 (Iowa 2014). When a detainee or arrestee invokes the statutory right, "then the officer should inform the detainee of his or her right to an independent chemical test under Iowa Code section 321J.11." Id. at 909. If the statutory right is invoked and the officer fails to advise the detainee or arrestee of the right, then " ‘evidence of the results of the test or tests administered at the direction of the peace officer’ must be suppressed." Id. at 911 (quoting Iowa Code § 321J.11 ).

We turn now to the facts and circumstances of this case. The record reflects a police officer pulled Smith over in the early morning hours. Field sobriety tests indicated Smith was intoxicated. Smith consented to a preliminary breath test, and the test showed a blood alcohol concentration in excess of .08. At that point, the officer placed Smith under arrest and transported him to the county jail. At the county jail, Smith consented to a chemical breath test. The test showed Smith had a blood alcohol concentration of .188. He was charged with operating while intoxicated, first offense. After being charged, Smith moved to suppress the results of the chemical breath test on the ground the officer violated Smith’s statutory right. The district court denied the motion, finding Smith "did not inquire as to an independent test."

Our review of the district court’s ruling on the motion to suppress is for the correction of legal error because the basis for the motion is statutory. See Lukins , 846 N.W.2d at 906. The district court’s findings of fact are binding on appeal if supported by substantial evidence. See State v. Frake , 450 N.W.2d 817, 818 (Iowa 1990). Evidence is substantial when a reasonable mind would accept it as adequate to reach the same findings. See id. Substantial evidence review is a deferential standard of review; the question is not whether the evidence supports a different finding but whether the evidence supports the finding actually made. See id. at 818–19 ("There may be substantial evidence to support either the existence or nonexistence of a fact. If a disinterested witness testifies a vehicle stopped at an intersection and another disinterested witness testifies the vehicle did not stop, there would be substantial evidence to support a finding the vehicle did or did not stop.").

Here, with all due deference, substantial evidence supports the district court’s finding that Smith did not inquire about his right to take an independent test. The officer testified Smith consented to the chemical breath test. The officer also testified Smith did not ask for a retest and did not ask for any other form of test. The video from the officer’s patrol car confirms the officer’s testimony. At multiple points during the interaction, Smith made statements predicting the officer would subject him to blood testing if he refused to cooperate with other tests. For example, Smith said, "If I deny taking or doing [a field test], then you would just take me straight up to the jail to do a blood test." At the suppression hearing, the officer testified Smith made three or four similar declarative statements regarding what would happen if he refused to cooperate. The officer testified Smith did not ask any questions regarding additional testing. The video from...