Taylor v. Com.

• Decision Date: 02 November 2004
• Docket Number: Record No. 2746-03-3.
• Citation: 604 S.E.2d 103,44 Va. App. 179
• Parties: Wilbert TAYLOR, Sr. v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

604 S.E.2d 103

44 Va. App. 179

Wilbert TAYLOR, Sr. v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 2746-03-3.

Court of Appeals of Virginia, Salem.

November 2, 2004.

Peter R. Roane (Imhoff and Associates, on brief), for appellant.

(Jerry W. Kilgore, Attorney General; Leah A. Darron, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.

Present: HUMPHREYS, FELTON and McCLANAHAN, JJ.

ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS, Judge.

On October 22, 2003, the trial court sentenced appellant, Wilbert Taylor, Sr., to five years in prison for violating Code § 18.2-308.4, which prohibits the possession of certain controlled substances while simultaneously possessing a firearm. Taylor argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his request to be sentenced under the amended version of Code § 18.2-308.4, which became effective on July 1, 2003, rather than the version of the statute that was in effect at the time he committed the offense. We hold that the trial court did not err in denying Taylor's motion and, therefore, affirm the judgment of the trial court.

I. Background

On September 24, 2002, Taylor was arrested for possession of cocaine, in violation of Code § 18.2-250, possession of marijuana, in violation of Code § 18.2-250.1, and possession of cocaine while simultaneously possessing a firearm, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.4. A grand jury indicted Taylor on March 10, 2003, and, following a bench trial on May 5, 2003, the trial court convicted Taylor for each of these offenses.

Prior to his sentencing hearing, which was held on October 22, 2003, Taylor moved to be sentenced under the version of Code § 18.2-308.4 that became effective on July 1, 2003. The trial court denied his motion and sentenced Taylor to five years for violating Code § 18.2-308.4, five years for possession of cocaine, and twelve months for possession of marijuana. The trial court suspended all but the five years for violating Code § 18.2-308.4 and set the sentences to run concurrently.

II. Legislative History of Code § 18.2-308.4

The General Assembly enacted Code § 18.2-308.4 in 1987. See Acts 1987, ch. 285. The original version of the statute prohibited the possession of certain controlled substances while simultaneously possessing a firearm. A violation of Code § 18.2-308.4 was classified as a Class 6 felony, and the statute, as originally enacted, did not carry any mandatory sentencing provisions.

The 1990 amendments to the statute made relatively minor changes to the language of the statute. See Acts 1990, ch. 625.

The 1992 amendments added an additional, separate offense, embodied in then-subsection B of the statute, for possessing, using, or attempting to use

any pistol, shotgun, rifle or other firearm or display[ing] such weapon in a threatening manner while committing or attempting to commit the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution, or the possession with the intent to manufacture, sell, or distribute a [Schedule I or Schedule II] controlled substance... or more than one pound of marijuana.

Acts 1992, ch. 707. The 1992 amendments additionally provided that "any person convicted" under the new subsection "shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two years for a first conviction and for a term of four years for a second or subsequent conviction," without the possibility of suspension or parole. See id. The original simultaneous possession offense, retained in subsection A of the amended statute, did not contain a mandatory sentencing provision. Also, under the 1992 version of the statute, a violation of subsection A was considered a separate and distinct felony.

The 1993 amendments to the statute altered the mandatory sentencing provisions for a violation of then-subsection B, providing that "any person convicted" under that section "shall be sentenced to a term of three years for a first conviction and for a term of five years for a second or subsequent conviction," without the possibility of suspension or parole. Acts 1993, ch. 831.

In 1999, the General Assembly again amended the statute. See Acts 1999, chs. 829 & 846. The 1999 amendments—which created the version of the statute under which Taylor was convicted—removed the language in subsection A indicating that a violation of that subsection was a separate felony, and additionally created a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for violating either subsection A or then-subsection B of the statute.¹

In 2003, the General Assembly once again modified the statute, moving the former subsection B to subsection C, and adding a third, intermediate offense, embodied in subsection B of the current statute, which prohibits the possession of certain controlled substances while simultaneously possessing a firearm on or about one's person. See Acts 2003, ch. 949. Presumably to address our decision in Askew v. Commonwealth, 38 Va.App. 718, 568 S.E.2d 403 (2002), the legislature expressly provided that a violation of any of the three subsections "constitutes a separate and distinct felony." Acts 2003, ch. 949. Under the 2003 version of the statute, a violation of subsection A no longer carried a mandatory minimum sentence, a violation of subsection B carried a mandatory minimum sentence of two years, and a violation of subsection C carried a mandatory minimum sentence of five years.

The statute was again amended in 2004. See Acts 2004, chs. 461 & 995. The 2004 amendments removed a mandatory forfeiture provision and also deleted statutory language prohibiting suspension of the mandatory minimum sentences.

III. Analysis

The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in denying Taylor's motion to retroactively apply the sentencing provisions contained in the 2003 version of Code § 18.2-308.4. For the reasons that follow, we find no error and, therefore, affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Initially, we note that the issue of whether a statute should be applied retroactively presents a question of law that we review de novo on appeal. See Sink v. Commonwealth, 28 Va.App. 655, 658, 507 S.E.2d 670, 671 (1998)

("[W]e review the trial court's statutory interpretations and legal conclusions de novo."); see also Horner v. Dep't of Mental Health, Mental Retardation & Substance Abuse Servs., 268 Va. 187, 192, 597 S.E.2d 202, 204 (2004) ("Statutory interpretation presents a pure question of law subject to de novo review by this Court." (citing Ainslie v. Inman, 265 Va. 347, 352, 577 S.E.2d 246, 248 (2003))).

A.

"The general rule is that statutes are prospective in the absence of an express provision by the legislature." Washington v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 185, 193, 217 S.E.2d 815, 823 (1975). Accordingly, "when a statute is amended while an action is pending, the rights of the parties are to be deemed in accordance with the law in effect when the action is begun, unless the amended statute shows a clear intention to vary such rights." Id. (citing Burton v. Seifert Plastic Relief Co., 108 Va. 338, 350-51, 61 S.E. 933, 938 (1908)) (emphasis added); see also Berner v. Mills, 265 Va. 408, 413, 579 S.E.2d 159, 161 (2003)

("Our analysis is guided by the fundamental principles of statutory construction that retroactive laws are not favored, and that a statute is always construed to operate prospectively unless a contrary legislative intent is manifest."); Parker v. County of Madison, 244 Va. 39, 41, 418 S.E.2d 855, 856 (1992) ("[N]ew laws will apply only to future cases unless there is something in the very nature of the case, or in the language of the new provision, which shows that the new law was intended to have a retrospective effect." (citing Gloucester Realty Corp. v. Guthrie, 182 Va. 869, 875, 30 S.E.2d 686, 688-89 (1944))). Further, "[e]very reasonable doubt is resolved against a retroactive operation of a statute, and words of a statute ought not to have a retrospective operation unless they are so clear, strong and imperative that no other meaning can be annexed to them...." Shilling v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 500, 507, 359 S.E.2d 311, 315 (1987) (citing 17 Michie's Jurisprudence Statutes § 73 (1979)); see also Foster v. Smithfield Packing Co., 10 Va.App. 144, 147, 390 S.E.2d 511, 513 (1990) ("[R]etroactive effect will be given to a statute only when legislative intent that a statute be so applied is stated in clear, explicit, and unequivocal terms.").

Here, the amended version of Code § 18.2-308.4 contains no language—much less "clear, explicit, and unequivocal" language —indicating that its provisions should be applied retroactively. As we noted in Foster, "[w]hen the legislature has intended retroactive effect for a statute, it has done so in explicit terms." 10 Va.App. at 148, 390 S.E.2d at 513. Because there are no "explicit terms" in the 2003 version of Code § 18.2-308.4 indicating that the amendments should be given retroactive effect, "the legislature is presumed to have intended that ... [the] amendment[s] will operate prospectively only." Id.

Taylor argues, however, that the legislative history of Code § 18.2-308.4 "demonstrates that the General Assembly clearly intended to apply the 2003 amendments retroactively to all pending cases." Taylor contends that, because the 2003 amendments "undid" the 1999 amendments "and reestablished proportionate penalties for the three firearms offenses in the statute," this "strongly suggests not only that the legislative experiment embodied in the 1999 amendment was abandoned in favor of a return to a proportionate schedule of penalties," but also that "the General Assembly intended that the new law enacted in 2003 should be retroactively applied to all pending cases."

We decline to hold that the mere return to a prior statutory scheme conclusively establishes that the legislature intended for a statutory amendment to be applied retroactively. In the absence of "clear, explicit, and unequivocal language" providing that the amendment is to be given retroactive effect, the reenactment of a...