Brown v. Commonwealth

• Decision Date: 01 November 2012
• Docket Number: Record No. 120112.
• Citation: 733 S.E.2d 638
• Parties: Timothy A. BROWN v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court

733 S.E.2d 638

Timothy A. BROWN

v.COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 120112.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

Nov. 1, 2012.

David B. Hargett, Glen Allen, for appellant.

Steven A. Witmer, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Present: All the Justices.

Opinion by Justice S. BERNARD GOODWYN.

In this appeal, we consider whether multiple sentences imposed pursuant to Code § 18.2–53.1 may be run concurrently.

Material Facts and Proceedings

Timothy A. Brown was charged in the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond with three counts of robbery, three counts of abduction and six counts of use or display of a firearm in the commission of a felony. The charges stem from an armed robbery of a marijuana dealer and two other individuals at the dealer's residence on May 24, 2010. Brown entered not guilty pleas to all charges and waived a jury trial.

At the conclusion of the Commonwealth's evidence, the circuit court dismissed the three abduction charges and the three counts of use or display of a firearm associated with those charges. At the conclusion of the trial, the court found Brown guilty of the three counts of robbery and three counts of use or display of a firearm in committing those felonies.

At the sentencing hearing, Brown urged the circuit court to exercise its discretion to run the mandatory minimum sentences on the use or display of a firearm charges concurrently with each other. He argued that this was justified in light of Brown's record, which did not include any previous felony convictions, and the fact that he was a teenager. He also argued that it was justified because Brown's co-perpetrator, a five-time felon who was the much older probable mastermind of the two, and who had, as conceded by the Commonwealth, lied to the court, had received a lighter sentence because he pled guilty in exchange for one of his use or display of a firearm charges being dropped.

The circuit court stated that it preferred to run the firearm sentences concurrently, but it felt compelled to run them consecutively based upon Court of Appeals precedent. The court stated, “[I]t goes against every grain of my body, having heard from [Brown's co-perpetrator]. But I will sentence [Brown] to the mandatory minimum [sentences run consecutively], because I feel like I have to do that.”

Brown appealed and a panel of the Court of Appeals denied his petition. Brown appeals to this Court.

Analysis

Brown argues that the circuit court erred in ruling that it lacked the authority to run the firearm sentences concurrently with each other, and that the Court of Appeals should not have denied his petition. Brown asserts that neither the language of the use or display of a firearm statute (Code § 18.2–53.1) nor the language of the mandatory minimum sentencing statute (Code § 18.2–12.1) prohibits the sentences imposed for such firearm charges from being run concurrently with each other.

The Commonwealth argues that the Court of Appeals did not err in denying Brown's petition, and that Bullock v. Commonwealth, 48 Va.App. 359, 631 S.E.2d 334 (2006), which states that such sentences may not be run concurrently, id. at 378, 631 S.E.2d at 343, should be given stare decisis effect.^* The Commonwealth asserts that the General Assembly, in imposing a mandatory minimum sentence for violation of the use or display of a firearm in the commission of a felony statute,intended to create inflexible penalties and “deter violent crime.” It argues that sentences imposed for violation of the use or display of a firearm statute must be run consecutively with each other to give effect to the General Assembly's intent.

Generally, circuit courts have the authority to exercise discretion to run sentences concurrently. SeeCode § 19.2–308. However, this discretionary exercise of authority may be, and has been proscribed by the General Assembly when it has directed that sentences for certain crimes may not be run concurrently. See, e.g.,Code §§ 18.2–53.1, 18.2–255.2 and 18.2–308.1. The issue presented in this case is whether Code § 18.2–53.1 and/or Code § 18.2–12.1 prohibit a court from running multiple sentences imposed under Code § 18.2–53.1 concurrently with each other.

Because the issue before this Court is one of statutory interpretation, it is “a pure question of law which we review de novo.” Kozmina v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 347, 349, 706 S.E.2d 860, 862 (2011). In statutory interpretation, “[t]he primary objective ... is to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent.” Commonwealth v. Zamani, 256 Va. 391, 395, 507 S.E.2d 608, 609 (1998). Thus, this Court construes a statute “with reference to its subject matter, the object sought to be attained, and the legislative purpose in enacting it; the provisions should receive a construction that will render it harmonious with that purpose rather than one which will defeat it.” Esteban v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 605, 609, 587 S.E.2d 523, 526 (2003). “[W]e will not apply ‘an unreasonably restrictive interpretation of the statute’ that would subvert the legislative intent expressed therein.” Armstrong v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 573, 581, 562 S.E.2d 139, 144 (2002) (quoting Ansell v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 759, 761, 250 S.E.2d 760, 761 (1979)).

Moreover, “[t]he plain, obvious, and rational meaning of a statute is to be preferred over any curious, narrow, or strained construction.” Meeks v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 798, 802, 651 S.E.2d 637, 639 (2007) (quoting Zamani, 256 Va. at 395, 507 S.E.2d at 609). In addition, “penal statutes are to be construed strictly against the [Commonwealth and] cannot be extended by implication, or be made to include cases which are not within the letter and spirit of the statute.” Wade v. Commonwealth, 202 Va. 117, 122, 116 S.E.2d 99, 103 (1960).

If language is clear and unambiguous, there is no need for construction by the court; the plain meaning and intent of the enactment will be given it. When an enactment is clear and unequivocal, general rules for construction of statutes ... do not apply. Therefore, when the language of an enactment is free from ambiguity, resort to legislative history and extrinsic facts is not permitted....

Brown v. Lukhard, 229 Va. 316, 321, 330 S.E.2d 84, 87 (1985) (citations omitted).

Upon conviction under Code § 18.2–53.1, use or display of a firearm in committing a felony,

any person found guilty thereof shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of three years for a first conviction, and to a mandatory minimum term of five years for a second or subsequent conviction under the provisions of this section. Such punishment shall be separate and apart from, and shall be made to run consecutively with, any punishment received for the commission of the primary felony.

The mandatory minimum term must be made to run consecutively with any punishment received for the primary felony. The plain language of the statute does not, however, require that any sentence imposed pursuant to it be run consecutively with punishment received for a crime other than the primary felony. Thus, Code § 18.2–53.1 does not specifically prohibit multiple sentences for use or display of a firearm from being run concurrently with each other. We must examine whether Code § 18.2–12.1, which defines mandatory minimum sentences, prevents the mandatory minimum sentences required by Code § 18.2–53.1 from being run concurrently with each other.

Code § 18.2–12.1 defines “[m]andatory minimum ... for the purposes of imposing punishment upon a person convicted of a crime.” It states that “the court shall imposethe entire term of confinement, the full amount of the fine and the complete requirement of community service prescribed by law. The court shall not suspend in full or in part any punishment described as mandatory minimum punishment.” Id.

Code § 18.2–12.1 prohibits a court from “suspending” or imposing less than the “entire” term of confinement of a mandatory minimum sentence. This Court has defined “suspension” in these statutes to mean delaying the sentence or actually and literally suspending it. In re Commonwealth, 229 Va. 159, 163, 326 S.E.2d 695, 698 (1985) (interpreting a prior version of the statute, which the General Assembly changed in form but not in substance). Neither the statutory language prohibiting suspending the sentence nor the statutory mandate to impose the “entire” sentence prohibits the imposed sentence from being run concurrently with another sentence.

Further, it is a “settled principle of statutory construction that every part of a statute is presumed to have some effect and no part will be considered meaningless unless absolutely necessary.” Hubbard v. Henrico Ltd. P'ship, 255 Va. 335, 340, 497 S.E.2d 335, 338 (1998)....