People v. Robinson, 90CA1566

• Decision Date: 27 February 1992
• Docket Number: No. 90CA1566,90CA1566
• Citation: 833 P.2d 832
• Parties: The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Edgar Burton ROBINSON, Defendant-Appellant. . V
• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals

Page 832

833 P.2d 832

The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Edgar Burton ROBINSON, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 90CA1566.

Colorado Court of Appeals,

Div. V.

Feb. 27, 1992.

As Modified on Denial of Rehearing March 26, 1992.

Certiorari Granted Aug. 17, 1992.

Cross-Petition for Certiorari Denied Aug. 17, 1992.

Gale A. Norton, Atty. Gen., Raymond T. Slaughter, Chief Deputy Atty. Gen., Timothy M. Tymkovich, Sol. Gen., Clement P. Engle, Asst. Atty. Gen., Denver, for plaintiff-appellee.

David F. Vela, Colorado State Public Defender, Patrick J. Mulligan, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, for defendant-appellant.

Opinion by Judge DAVIDSON.

Defendant, Edgar Burton Robinson, appeals from the order of the trial court dismissing his Crim. P. 35(c) motion as untimely. We affirm.

In 1977, defendant entered a plea of guilty to first degree sexual assault. He received a two-year deferred sentence. In 1990, defendant filed a Crim. P. 35(c) motion to vacate the conviction.

In its opposition brief, the prosecution argued that the motion was untimely pursuant to § 16-5-402, C.R.S. (1986 Repl.Vol. 8A). That statute provides that a person may not "collaterally attack the validity" of a conviction unless the attack is begun within various time spans ranging from six months for petty offenses to no limit for class 1 felonies. The period applicable to first degree assault is three years.

The trial court agreed that the motion was untimely, and it was dismissed without a hearing. On appeal, defendant contends that the dismissal was in error because § 16-5-402 does not apply to attacks on convictions filed pursuant to Crim. P. 35. We disagree.

I.

As a threshold matter, we address the People's argument that defendant's appeal should be dismissed because he may have litigated the merits of this Crim. P. 35(c) claim in another proceeding and has failed to allege specifically that his claims are not duplicative. Although an appeal duplicating an appeal previously denied may be dismissed, People v. Holmes, 819 P.2d 541 (Colo.App.1991), there is no requirement that a defendant affirmatively assert that the relief sought has not been previously denied, and we find no indication in this record that any such duplicative relief has been considered or denied on appeal.

II.

Whether motions filed under Crim. P. 35 are included in the provisions of § 16-5-402 is a matter of first impression in Colorado. Our supreme court specifically declined to reach this issue in People v. Germany, 674 P.2d 345 (Colo.1983), because it held that the then current version of the statute was unconstitutional. However, in Moland v. People, 757 P.2d 137 (Colo.1988), the court specifically stated in a footnote that a defendant's right to obtain post-conviction review pursuant to Crim. P. 35 was subject to the requirements of § 16-5-402. While this statement was dictum, we view it as highly instructive.

Additionally, in People v. Fagerholm, 768 P.2d 689 (Colo.1989), the supreme court upheld the constitutionality of § 16-5-402 in the context of a Crim. P. 35 motion. In People v. Brack, 796 P.2d 49 (Colo.App.1990), this court also upheld the denial of a Crim. P. 35 motion based upon § 16-5-402, although, in those cases, the applicability of § 16-5-402 to such proceedings was not challenged.

A.

In interpreting particular statutory provisions, this court must seek to discern the intent of the General Assembly, looking first to the language of the statute itself, and giving effect to the statutory terms in accordance with their commonly accepted meaning. Thiret v. Kautzky, 792 P.2d 801 (Colo.1990). The intent of the General Assembly in creating time limitations on collateral attacks, as stated in § 16-5-402(2), C.R.S. (1986 Repl.Vol. 8A), is to avoid litigation of stale claims and to avoid frustration of the statutory provisions directed at repeat, prior, and habitual offenders.

Defendant argues that "collateral attack" refers only to an attack on the use of the conviction, such as a motion to suppress an habitual offender count, but not to a "direct" attack on a conviction pursuant to Crim. P. 35. On the other hand, the People argue that, in the criminal context, there is no distinction between collateral attacks and other post-conviction relief and they urge this court to construe the term "collaterally attack" as used in § 16-5-402 to include attacks under Crim. P. 35. Although we find significant distinction between collateral attacks and other types of post-conviction relief, we nevertheless hold that "collaterally attack" as used in § 16-5-402 necessarily includes relief sought pursuant to Crim. P. 35.

A successful Crim. P. 35 attack results in the conviction at issue being vacated. Thereafter, the validity of that conviction may not be relitigated in any subsequent proceeding, though in some circumstances the prosecution may refile the original charge, and defendant could face reconviction. See People v. Keenan, 185 Colo. 317, 524 P.2d 604 (1974).

In contrast, an attack on the use of the conviction is an attempt to avoid, defeat, or evade judgment or to deny its force and effect in some incidental proceeding. Brennan v. Grover, 158 Colo. 66, 404 P.2d 544 (1965), cert. denied, 383 U.S. 926, 86 S.Ct. 929, 15 L.Ed.2d 845 (1966). A successful attack on use bars only the use of the prior conviction in that incidental proceeding; the conviction itself remains. Watkins v. People, 655 P.2d 834 (Colo.1982). The successful attack on use does not prevent relitigation of the issue of the validity of the subject conviction in a subsequent proceeding, or even in a Crim. P. 35 attack of the same conviction. Wright v. People, 690 P.2d 1257 (Colo.1984).

However, although avenues for collateral attacks do differ, an attack on the conviction itself has long been considered a collateral attack, whether through Crim. P. 35 or its federal counterpart, 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (1988). See Bales v. People, 713 P.2d 1280 (Colo.1986) ("a defendant may collaterally attack a prior conviction by either filing a Crim. P. 35(c) motion in the sentencing court or by filing a proper motion to prohibit the prosecution from using evidence of a prior conviction in a pending criminal prosecution"); U.S. v. Hayman, 342 U.S. 205, 72 S.Ct. 263, 96 L.Ed. 232 (1952); U.S. v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982); U.S. v. Addonizio, 442 U.S. 178, 99 S.Ct. 2235, 60 L.Ed.2d 805 (1979). See also People v. Fagerholm, supra, (Vollack, J., dissenting) ("[defendant] collaterally attacked both prior convictions under Crim. P. 35"). Also, writs of habeas corpus, of which Crim. P. 35 is a modern equivalent, were traditionally considered collateral proceedings. See U.S. v. Hayman, supra.

The General Assembly is presumed cognizant of judicial precedent in a particular area when it enacts legislation in that area. Rauschenberger v. Radetsky, 745 P.2d 640 (Colo.1987). We therefore may assume that it was fully aware of the accepted uses of the term "collaterally attack" as used in the lexicon of criminal law.

Moreover, a common sense reading of the plain language of the statute dictates the conclusion that the General Assembly intended not a technical definition of "collateral," but its commonly accepted meaning within a criminal law context. "Statutes must be construed so as to effectuate their intent and beneficial purposes, not to defeat them." Colorado State Board of Medical Examiners v. Saddoris, 825 P.2d 39 (Colo.1992). The purpose of the statute is explicit--to prevent defendants from thwarting the effect of repeat offender statutes and to end rampant relitigation of stale claims. The scope of the statute is sweeping ("no person shall collaterally attack the validity of a [prior conviction] unless...."), and reading the statute as defendant urges would limit it drastically. To the contrary, we must construe a statute to effectuate the legislative intent, Martinez v. Continental Enterprises, 730 P.2d 308 (Colo.1986), and the intent here is unmistakable. Cf. People v. Fagerholm, supra; Moland v. People, supra.

B.

Defendant argues, however, that even if § 16-5-402 applies to Crim. P. 35 motions, Crim. P. 35(c)(3) provides that one who is aggrieved and claims a right to be released or to have a judgment set aside may file a motion for such relief at any time, and, citing People v. McKenna, 196 Colo. 367, 585 P.2d 275 (1978), he contends that such procedural rule takes precedence over a procedural statute. We disagree.

If a legislative act is based in public policy rather than as an attempt to regulate the day-to-day procedural operation of the court, it does not usurp the supreme court's rule making authority. People v. McKenna, supra.

Here, the statute's stated goals include preventing difficulties in litigating stale claims and also preventing frustration of statutes aimed at repeat, prior, and habitual offenders. Section 16-5-402 had such a severe impact upon the ability of prior offenders to attack a conviction that an inclusion of a grace period after its effective date was necessary to render it constitutional. People v. Fagerholm, supra. Thus, while it also had an incidental effect upon procedure, the statute is primarily an expression of public policy. See ABA, Standards for Criminal Justice, Standard 22-2.4 (2d ed. 1982). See also Chase Securities Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U.S. 304, 65 S.Ct. 1137, 89 L.Ed. 1628 (1945) (statutes of limitation "represent a public policy about the privilege to litigate"). Accordingly, here, the statute controls over the rule. See People v. Hollis, 670 P.2d 441 (Colo.App.1983).

C.

A statute must be construed so as to avoid constitutional infirmities. People v. Washburn, 197 Colo. 419, 593 P.2d 962 (1979). Defendant argues that the application of Crim. P. 35 motions to § 16-5-402 will render the statute unconstitutional because the statute will conflict with Colo. Const. art. II, § 21, which prohibits any suspension of the...