Weaver v. City of Detroit

• Decision Date: 16 July 2002
• Docket Number: Docket No. 218514.
• Citation: 252 Mich. App. 239,651 N.W.2d 482
• Parties: Marcella WEAVER, Personal Representative of the Estate of Dennis Weaver, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CITY OF DETROIT, a municipal corporation, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

651 N.W.2d 482

252 Mich. App. 239

Marcella WEAVER, Personal Representative of the Estate of Dennis Weaver, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CITY OF DETROIT, a municipal corporation, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 218514.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted June 10, 2002, at Detroit.

Decided July 16, 2002, at 9:10 a.m.

Released for Publication September 26, 2002.

Jeffrey L. Edison and Regina D. Jemison, Detroit, for the plaintiff.

City of Detroit Law Department (by Joanne D. Stafford, Supervising Assistant Corporation Counsel), Detroit, for the defendant.

Before: WHITBECK, C.J., and HOOD, MARK J. CAVANAGH, SAAD, WILDER, OWENS, and COOPER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

We convened a special panel¹ to resolve the conflict between Weaver v. Detroit, 249 Mich.App. 801 (2002), vacated 249 Mich.App. 801, 642 N.W.2d 342 (2002) (hereafter Weaver I), and Ridley v. Detroit (On Remand), 246 Mich.App. 687, 639 N.W.2d 258 (2001). We examine here whether a municipality is liable in tort for an alleged negligent maintenance of a streetlight pole, under the highway exception² to governmental immunity. The panel in Weaver I would have answered "no" to this question had it not been bound by the prior holding in Ridley (On Remand). We find that the panel in Weaver I was correct and hold both that a streetlight pole is not implicated in the definition of the term "highway" found in M.C.L. § 691.1401(e) and that the highway exception to governmental immunity does not apply here. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment entered by the trial court against defendant based on the jury verdict and remand this case to the trial court for entry of a judgment of no cause of action in favor of defendant.

I. Facts and Proceedings

The following summary of the facts and proceedings is adopted from our Court's opinion in Weaver I, supra at 801-805, 642 N.W.2d 342:

Defendant city of Detroit appeals by right the trial court's order entered upon a jury verdict that found defendant liable for the wrongful death of Dennis Weaver and that awarded plaintiff Marcella Weaver, the decedent's personal representative, $2 million in damages plus interest....

This case arises from an accident that occurred when a bus struck a light pole, and the light pole fell on Dennis Weaver and killed him. Plaintiff's theory of the case was that because of defendant's failure to inspect and repair the light pole, the pole corroded so seriously that when the bus merely bumped or rubbed it, it fractured and broke. Testimony presented at trial established that the rusty light pole, erected in 1970 and last inspected in 1979, was placed eighteen inches from the highway's curb, which was in accordance with industry standards, and was owned and maintained by defendant city.

Defendant city asserts that it is immune from tort liability in this case because the highway exception to governmental immunity is inapplicable in this case....

* * *

... Defendant ... asserts that the light pole at issue was a utility pole; consequently, defendant is not liable under the highway exception to governmental immunity. But in the recent case of Ridley (On Remand), supra at 691-692, 639 N.W.2d 258 a majority of this Court explicitly concluded that a light pole is not a utility pole, so it is not excluded by definition from the highway exception of governmental immunity and an action may be maintained. This Court's decision in Ridley (On Remand) followed the Supreme Court's remand5 of this Court's first decision in Ridley v. Detroit, 231 Mich.App. 381, 590 N.W.2d 69 (1998) (hereinafter "Ridley I"), for reconsideration in light of Evens v. Shiawassee Co. Rd. Comm'rs, 463 Mich. 143, 615 N.W.2d 702 (2000), the companion case of Nawrocki [v Macomb Co Rd Comm].

In Ridley I, supra at 383, 590 N.W.2d 69 a group of men attacked and beat the plaintiff's decedent. After the beating, an automobile struck the decedent when he tried to stand. Id. After the first automobile knocked him down, a second vehicle struck and killed him. Id. On the night and on the street where the decedent was killed, the streetlights were not functioning and had not been for some time. Id. at 383-384, 590 N.W.2d 69. The trial court found that the defendant, city of Detroit, was liable because it had been negligent in failing to provide street lighting and awarded plaintiff damages. Id. at 384, 590 N.W.2d 69. This Court affirmed the trial court's entry of judgment in favor of the plaintiff and rejected the defendant city's argument that the plaintiff's claim was barred by governmental immunity. Id. at 383, 384, 590 N.W.2d 69.

5 Ridley v. Detroit, 463 Mich. 932, 622 N.W.2d 65 (2000).

II. Standard of Review

Because this case involves a question of statutory interpretation, our review is de novo. Pohutski v. City of Allen Park, 465 Mich. 675, 683, 641 N.W.2d 219 (2002). We must give effect to each word in the statute, according to its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. at 683-684, 641 N.W.2d 219. Additionally, we should avoid construing the statute in a manner that renders any part of it surplusage or nugatory. Id. at 684, 641 N.W.2d 219.

III. Analysis

A. Governmental Immunity with Regard to Municipalities

Recently, in Pohutski, supra, our Supreme Court reviewed the development of governmental immunity in our state and noted the important historical distinction between "sovereign immunity," which applies only to state government, and "governmental immunity," which initially through judicial construction was applied to "inferior" divisions of government, including municipalities. Id. at 682, 641 N.W.2d 219. In Williams v. Detroit, 364 Mich. 231, 250, 111 N.W.2d 1 (1961), however, the Michigan Supreme Court abolished the common-law doctrine of governmental immunity as applied to municipalities. Pohutski, supra 682-683. Partly in reaction to the Williams decision, the Legislature enacted the governmental tort liability act in 1964 with the intention of providing "`uniform liability and immunity to both state and local governmental agencies' when involved in a governmental function." Id. at 683, 641 N.W.2d 219, quoting Ross v. Consumers Power Co. (On Rehearing), 420 Mich. 567, 614, 363 N.W.2d 641 (1984).

As enacted, the act grants immunity from tort liability to governmental agencies involved in exercising or discharging governmental functions. MCL 691.1407(1). The definition of "governmental agency" includes municipal corporations such as defendant city of Detroit. Weakley v. Dearborn Heights (On Remand), 246 Mich.App. 322, 325, 632 N.W.2d 177 (2001); Cox v. Dearborn Heights, 210 Mich.App. 389, 392, 534 N.W.2d 135 (1995). At the time of the accident in this case, a "governmental function" was defined as an activity that is "expressly or impliedly mandated or authorized by constitution, statute, local charter or ordinance, or other law."³ MCL 691.1401(f). Here, there is no dispute that erecting and maintaining the streetlight pole constituted a governmental function.

B. Extent of Immunity

The immunity granted under M.C.L. § 691.1407 is expressed in the "broadest possible language...." Nawrocki v. Macomb Co. Rd. Comm., 463 Mich. 143, 156, 615 N.W.2d 702 (2000). However, it is subject to certain statutory exceptions, including the highway exception, M.C.L. § 691.1402. Pusakulich v. Ironwood, 247 Mich.App. 80, 83, 635 N.W.2d 323 (2001). Pursuant to this exception, a governmental agency is not immune from tort liability that results from its failure to "maintain the highway in reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and convenient for public travel." MCL 691.1402(1).

C. Inapplicability of the Highway Exception

The Court in Ridley (On Remand) reaffirmed its previous determination that, because a streetlight was not a utility pole and not otherwise specifically excluded from the definition of "highway," the highway exception to governmental immunity applied and the defendant city could be held responsible for failing to maintain a streetlight. Ridley (On Remand), supra at 690-692, 639 N.w.2d 258. Moreover, the Ridley (On Remand) Court held that Nawrocki and its companion case, Evens v. Shiawassee Co Rd Comm'rs, were not controlling for two reasons: (1) Nawrocki and Evens both involved claims against county road commissions, but the defendant in Ridley was a municipality and (2) the Supreme Court did not address in Nawrocki and Evens whether a streetlight is a utility pole. Ridley (On Remand), supra at 691-692, 639 N.W.2d 258.

We find these distinctions to be insignificant when the facts of this case are analyzed in a manner consistent with the central theme of the Supreme Court's decision in Nawrocki. Critical to the Court's analysis in Nawrocki is the basic principle that "the immunity conferred upon governmental agencies is broad, and the statutory exceptions thereto are to be narrowly construed." Nawrocki, supra at 158, 615 N.W.2d 702. Consistent with this basic principle, "[n]o action may be maintained under the highway exception unless it is clearly within the scope and meaning of [MCL 691.1402(1)]." Weakley, supra at 326, 632 N.W.2d 177.

Applying these principles, we conclude that the highway exception to governmental immunity does not apply here because a streetlight pole is not part of the "highway." At the time of the accident, M.C.L. § 691.1401(e), in part, defined "highway" to mean "every public highway, road, and street which is open for public travel and shall include bridges, sidewalks, crosswalks, and culverts on any highway."⁴ We agree with the Weaver I panel and hold that, as with traffic signals and signs, see Nawrocki, supra at 180, 182 & n. 37, 615 N.W.2d 702, the plain language of the statute does not support the conclusion that streetlight poles are included within the definition of the term "highway." Weaver I, supra at 804, 642 N.W.2d 342. Accordingly, we reject as inconsistent with the plain language of the statute the holding in Ridley (On Remand) that a streetlight pole is part of the "highway"...